scholarly journals Kontaminasi Senyawa Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) dalam Sedimen Di DAS Gending, Probolinggo

DEPIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
Edward Edward
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are very toxic and persistent environmental contaminants. This study were carried out in Gending watershed Probolinggo in March 2014, the propose of this research was to known  the concentrations and possible sources of 16 PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) classified by the United State Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants.   Sediment samples were taken by using a sediment sampler at 6 research stations. The concentration of PAH were determined  using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)  and the sources using individual ratio diagnose method. The results show that  the concentration of PAHs in  sediment still low and fixed with the safe threshold values for waters organisms. Individual PAH dominated by high molecule weight PAHs. The results of PAHs ratio individual analysis showed that PAHs sources in sediment derived from a variety of sources such as; oil spill, oil combustion and combustion of organic materials. To reduce the level of PAHs pollution in sediment in Gending watersheds need to make efficiency in using of fossil fuel, reduce oil spill and  combustion of oil and organic materials and implementing of laws and sanctions against polluters.

scholarly journals Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Heregovački pršut—Traditionally Smoked Prosciutto

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5097
Author(s):  
Krešimir Mastanjević ◽  
Leona Puljić ◽  
Brankica Kartalović ◽  
Jozo Grbavac ◽  
Marija Jukić Grbavac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Priority Pollutants ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Open Fire ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Hercegovački pršut as a traditional dry-cured smoked ham (prosciutto) produced by using an open fire that can be potentially contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and can pose a health risk for consumers. The aim of this research was to identify the types and concentrations of 16 PAHs in 34 samples of traditionally smoked prosciutto. Out of 16 investigated PAHs, identified in the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) list of priority pollutants, 14 compounds were detected. Average levels of cancerogenic benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), chrysene (Chry), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)) ranged from <LOQ (level of quantification) to 5.08 μg/kg and 0.45 μg/kg to 22.67 μg/kg. Two analyzed samples exceeded currently prescribed values according to the Bosnia and Herzegovina legislation for BaP concentrations and one sample for PAH4 content. PAH16 concentrations were on average between 2.92 μg/kg and 87.6 μg/kg. The highest PAH concentrations were found in samples from the Herzegovina-Neretva canton. The results of the research highlight the importance of standardizing smoking procedures and manufacturing practice, in the production of Hercegovački pršut, in order to reduce the PAH content.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicity and Associated Threat of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Biodiversity: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Umar Zungum ◽  
Tijjani Sabiu Imam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petroleum Fuels ◽  
Complex Organic

There is a sustained rise in incidence of cancer and toxicity related to chemicals exerting enormous burden to public health and biodiversity. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mong such contaminants, precisely the sixteen-priority characterized by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Therefore, this review is aimed at further elaboration about the 16 USEPA characterized PAHs and threat portend to public health and biodiversity. PAHs are a class of very stable organic pollutants produced most commonly, by incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and are formed when complex organic substances are exposed to heat. PAHs in great amount due to build up over time by bioaccumulation can be perilous: to human beings of all age and levels, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles. The soil like the aquatic environment contains substantial quantity of PAHs since, atmospheric PAHs sediments on the soil due to dry and wet deposition, terrestrial organism are impacted if the soil is saturated with PAHs. Therefore, PAHs are a great source of trepidation for food safety, public health and biodiversity sustenance. Hence, tackling the spade of the menacing ubiquity of PAHs becomes necessary from its sources by encouragement of alternatives to petroleum fuels for machines and vehicles.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment and Health Risk of Fish, Crab and Shrimp Around Atlas Cove, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilayo O. Olayinka ◽  
Adetomi Adeola Adewusi ◽  
Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi ◽  
Adeyinka Adedeji Aladesida
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Background. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic contaminants and pose health risks to humans and the ecosystem due to their persistence in the environment. Objectives. This study determined the concentrations of PAHs in sediment, two species of fish (Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini), crabs (Callinectes amnicola) and shrimps (Penaeus notialis) around the Atlas Cove jetty, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from fish, shrimp, and crabs that were purchased from local fishermen. Sediments were collected at five locations impacted by ship movement and cargo offloading around the Atlas Cove jetty during the period of June to August 2016, using standard methods. Potential toxicity of PAHs in the sediments on the surrounding aquatic organisms was assessed. The PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Human health risk assessment was calculated from biota using dietary daily intake and carcinogenic potencies of individual PAH concentrations. Results. A total of 17 PAH congeners were detected in sediment samples and ten were detected in biota samples. Concentrations of total PAHs obtained in sediment and fish samples ranged from 2.15 - 36.46 mg/kg and 11.89 - 71.06 mg/kg, respectively. The total PAHs concentration pattern follow the order of P. notialis &gt; C. amnicola &gt; P. jubelini (whole) &gt; D. africana (whole) &gt; D. africana (fillet) &gt; P. jubelini (fillet) &gt; sediment. Concentrations of total PAHs were higher in whole fish than in fillet samples (muscle) in both fish species. High values of PAHs were recorded in the dietary intake (0.10 - 2.33 mg/kg body weight/day) of the organisms. Toxic equivalent quotient values (0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg) were observed to be higher than the screening values (0.0014 to 0.0599 mg/kg). In the muscle of Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini, splitting and atrophy of the muscle bundles were observed. Conclusions. The concentrations of PAHs in analyzed sediment and organisms were higher than the maximum permissible limit of the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Most of the detected PAHs were of petrogenic origin, which is an indication that anthropogenic activities were influencing PAH concentrations. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

2005 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Snezana Kravic ◽  
Nikola Marjanovic ◽  
Mira Pucarevic ◽  
Zvonimir Suturovic ◽  
Jaroslava Svarc-Gajic
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil samples from forty different locations in Vojvodina. The samples were Soxhlet extracted cleaned-up and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Each PAH was separately quantified using an eight-point calibration of mixed standard solutions in the range between 0.25 and 10 ?g/cm3. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs analyzed in the soil samples varied from 0.043 to 1.362 mg/kg of dry soil.

scholarly journals Health risk assessment of levels of some toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of some commercial soft drinks commonly consumed among students of Nnamdi Azikiwe university, Awka, Anambra state, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rose Ngozi Asomugha ◽  
Chijoke Emmanuel Igwe ◽  
Peace Ukamaka Nome ◽  
Onyinye Mary Uchendu ◽  
Nwamkwere Godson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Food Safety is of growing concern globally, and more so considering the relatively high proportion of soft drinks in the beverage market worldwide, and its rate of consumption especially amongst the youths. It is essential to evaluate the levels of toxic metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues of which when present in soft drinks above the permissible limits could pose serious public health risk. The aim of this present study was to assess the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd ,As) and Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) in 16 commercial soft drinks marketed in Awka, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS) and Flame Ionization detector (GC-FID), respectively. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment were performed using the method established by United State Environmental Protection agency(USEPA).The data obtained were compared with the permissible limit set for drinking water by United State Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA),World Health Organization (WHO),Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency(FEPA). The highest mean level of 0.6116 mg/l is related to Pb and the lowest of 0.0028mg/l related to Hg. The mean levels of the metals increased in this order: Hg<As<Cd<Pb. For the PAHs, using Benzo(a)pyrene as the benchmark for other PAHs congeners because of its strong carcinogenic potency, is not detected in this study, and thus pose no health risk. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of Hg in the studied samples is less than 1. Pb levels in75% the studied samples had THQ>1, and thus, pose a health risk. The hazard index, calculated as the combined risk of heavy metal toxicity is greater than unity (HI>1).The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values estimated for Pb, As and Cd in the sample were 6.25%,31.25% and 25% ,respectively, representing higher than acceptable risk value of (10-6 -10-4) . The results raise a concern for the public exposed with respect to As and Cd carcinogenic risk values.  

scholarly journals A Relevant Screening of Organic Contaminants Present on Freshwater and Pre-Production Microplastics

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Claudia Campanale ◽  
Georg Dierkes ◽  
Carmine Massarelli ◽  
Giuseppe Bagnuolo ◽  
Vito Felice Uricchio
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Target Screening

Microplastics (MPs) have recently been discovered as considerable pollutants of all environmental matrices. They can contain a blend of chemicals, some of them added during the manufacture of plastic to improve their quality (additives) and others adsorbed from the surrounding environment. In light of this, a detailed study about the identification and quantification of target organic pollutants and qualitative screening of non-target compounds present on MPs was carried out in different types of samples: environmental MPs, collected from an Italian river, and pre-production MPs, taken from the plastic industry. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were chosen as target compounds to be quantified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), while the non-target screening was carried out by High Resolution Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HRGC–MS). The target analysis revealed concentrations of 16 priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-PAHs) in the range of 29.9–269.1 ng/g; the quantification of 31 PCBs showed values from 0.54 to 15.3 ng/g, identifying CB-138, 153, 180, 52, and 101 primarily; and the detected OCPs (p,p’-DDT and its metabolites) ranged between 14.5 and 63.7 ng/g. The non-target screening tentatively identified 246 compounds (e.g., phthalates, antioxidants, UV-stabilizers), including endocrine disruptors, toxic and reprotoxic substances, as well as chemicals subjected to risk assessment and authorisation. The large assortment of plastic chemicals associated with MPs showed their role as a presumable source of pollutants, some of which might have high bioaccumulation potential, persistence, and toxicity.

Screening and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafoods Using QuEChERS-Based Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1601-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R Gratz ◽  
Laura A Ciolino ◽  
Angela S Mohrhaus ◽  
Bryan M Gamble ◽  
Jill M Gracie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the screening and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible seafood is described. The method uses quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD). The method was developed and validated in response to the massive Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Rapid and highly sensitive PAH screening methods are critical tools needed for oil spill response; they help to assess when seafood is safe for harvesting and consumption. Sample preparation involves SPE of edible seafood portions with acetonitrile, followed by the addition of salts to induce water partitioning. After centrifugation, a portion of the acetonitrile layer is filtered prior to analysis via HPLC-FLD. The chromatographic method uses a polymeric C18 stationary phase designed for PAH analysis with gradient elution, and it resolves 15 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority parent PAHs in fewer than 20 min. The procedure was validated in three laboratories for the parent PAHs using spike recovery experiments at PAH fortification levels ranging from 25 to 10 000 μg/kg in oysters, shrimp, crab, and finfish, with recoveries ranging from 78 to 99%. Additional validation was conducted for a series of alkylated homologs of naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, and phenanthrene, with recoveries ranging from 87 to 128%. Method accuracy was further assessed based on analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1974b. The method provides method detection limits in the sub to low ppb (μg/kg) range, and practical LOQs in the low ppb (μg/kg) range for most of the PAH compounds studied.

scholarly journals Integrated methodology for the assessment of public health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Σπυριδούλα Νικολάκη
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Integrated Methodology ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η εφαρμογή μιας ολοκληρωμένης μεθοδολογίας για την αποτίμηση των κινδύνων στη δημόσια υγεία, από την παρουσία Πολυκυκλικών Αρωματικών Υδρογονανθράκων (ΠΑΥ) σε αερολύματα. Ως περιοχή μελέτης επιλέχθηκε η πόλη της Θεσσαλονίκης καθώς αντιμετωπίζει προβλήματα αέριας ρύπανσης, λόγω της αυξημένης χρήσης βιομάζας ως μέσο θέρμανσης, ως συνέπεια της οικονομικής κρίσης. Μετρήσεις αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων έγιναν για δύο συνεχόμενα έτη, σε τρεις σταθμούς δειγματοληψίας. Η πρώτη εκστρατεία δειγματοληψίας έλαβε χώρα κατά τη χειμερινή περίοδο του έτους 2013 και περιελέμβανε μετρήσεις κλασμάτων αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων PM10, PM2.5 και PM1, ανά 24ωρο, σε ένα σταθμό αστικού υποβάθρου (Σταθμός Α) και ένα σταθμό κίνησης (Σταθμός Β). Η δεύτερη καμπάνα δειγματοληψίας έλαβε χώρα τη χειμερινή περίοδο 2013-2014 και περιελάμβανε μετρήσεις αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων κλασμάτων PM10 και PM2.5 σε δύο σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου στη δυτική και ανατολική περιοχή της πόλης (Σταθμοί Α, C) και έναν κίνησης (Σταθμός Β). Η δειγματοληψία στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου έγινε σε τρία χρονικά διαστήματα μέσα στην ημέρα, ανά 8ωρο, ενώ στο σταθμό κίνησης ανά 8ωρο και 16ωρο. Οι πολυκυκλικοί αρωματικοί υδρογονάθρακες και η λεβογλυκοζάνη (δείκτης για καύση βιομάζας) αναλύθηκαν με χρήση της τεχνικής της αέριας χρωματογραφίας – φασματομετρίας μάζας. Οι πηγές των ΠΑΥ προσδιορίστηκαν σε όλους τους σταθμούς με χρήση διαφόρων μεθόδων που περιελάμβαναν: τη δυαδική αναλογία, την ανάλυση κύριων συνιστωσών, την ιεραρχική ανάλυση κατά συστάδες και το συνδυασμό της πολλαπλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμισης με την ανάλυση κύριων συνιστωσών. Ο υπολογισμός του κινδύνου για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα από την έκθεση στους πολυκυκλικούς αρωματικούς υδρογονάνθρακες έγινε με χρήση λεπτομερούς μεθοδολογίας έκθεσης και κινδύνου. Η μεθοδολογία αυτή περιελάμβανε τη μοντελοποίηση της εναπόθεσης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων στο ανθρώπινο αναπνευστικό σύστημα, με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό της εσωτερικής δόσης της τοξικά ισοδύναμης συγκέντρωσης (Toxicity Equivalency, TEQ) στον πνεύμονα. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν μεγαλύτερες συγκεντρώσεις ΠΑΥ στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου σε σύγκριση με το σταθμό κίνησης. Από τις μεθόδους προσδιορισμού των πηγών των ΠΑΥ προέκυψαν δύο κύριες πηγές: η καύση βιομάζας και οι εκπομπές των οχημάτων. Μεγαλύτερη συνεισφορά της βιομάζας υπολογίστηκε στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου σε σχέση με το σταθμό κίνησης. Η ισχυρή συσχέτιση μεταξύ της τοξικότητας των ΠΑΥ (TEQ) και της συγκέντρωσης της λεβογλυκοζάνης έδειξε ότι τα σωματίδια που εκλύονται από την καύση βιομάζας έχουν μεγαλύτερο τοξικό περιεχόμενο σε σχέση με αυτά που προέρχονται από άλλες πηγές. Ο κίνδυνος για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα υπολογίστηκε μεγαλύτερος από 10Ε-6 για τον πληθυσμό που ζει κοντά στις περιοχές αστικού υποβάθρου και σχεδόν διπλάσιος για το σταθμό που βρίσκεται στη δυτική περιοχή, λόγω της μεγαλύτερης συνεισφοράς βιομάζας. Μεγαλύτερος κίνδυνος υπολογίστηκε για τα βρέφη και τα παιδιά, λόγω της μεγαλύτερης σταθμισμένης με το σωματικό βάρος δόσης και της φυσιολογίας του αναπνευστικού συστήματος. Η σύγκριση της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας με τη συμβατική μεθοδο της Υπηρεσίας Προστασίας του Περιβάλλοντος της Αμερικής (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) έδειξε ότι η τελευταία υπερεκτιμά τον κίνδυνο για καρκίνο και δεν μπορεί να τον διαφοροποιήσει ανά ηλικιακή ομάδα. Έτσι, η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία είναι αξιόπιστη ιδιαίτερα για τον υπολογισμό του κινδύνου για καρκίνο για τις ευαίσθητες ομάδες πληθυσμού.

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