Innovative Analytical Method for X-Ray Imaging and Space-Resolved Spectroscopy of ECR Plasmas

At INFN-LNS, and in collaboration with the ATOMKI laboratories, an innovative multi-diagnostic system with advanced analytical methods has been designed and implemented. This is based on several detectors and techniques (Optical Emission Spectroscopy, RF systems, Interfero-polarimetry, X-ray detectors) and here we focus on high resolution spatially-resolved X-ray spectroscopy, performed by means of a X-ray pin-hole camera setup operating in the 0.5−20 keV energy domain. The diagnostic system was installed at a 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source (ATOMKI, Debrecen), enabling high precision X-ray spectrally-resolved imaging of ECR plasmas heated by hundreds of Watts. The achieved spatial and energy resolution were 0.5 mm and 300 eV at 8 keV, respectively. We here present the innovative analysis algorithm that we properly developed for obtaining Single Photon-Counted (SPhC) images providing the local plasma emitted spectrum in a High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) mode, by distinguishing fluorescence lines of the materials of the plasma chamber (Ti, Ta) from plasma (Ar). This method allows a quantitative characterization of warm electrons population in the plasma (and its 2D distribution) which are the most important for ionization, and also to estimate local plasma density and spectral temperatures. The developed post-processing analysis is also able to remove the readout noise, that is often observable at very low exposure times (msec). The setup is now under update including fast shutters and trigger systems in order to allow simultaneously space and time-resolved plasma spectroscopy during transients, stable and turbulent regimes.

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Innovative Analytical Method for X-ray Imaging and Space-Resolved Spectroscopy of ECR Plasmas

Condensed Matter ◽

10.3390/condmat7010005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Eugenia Naselli ◽

Richard Rácz ◽

Sandor Biri ◽

Maria Mazzaglia ◽

Luigi Celona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Physics ◽

Electron Cyclotron Resonance ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Single Photon ◽

National Laboratory ◽

Diagnostic System ◽

Optical Emission ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Ion Source ◽

X Ray

At the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics-Southern National Laboratory (INFN-LNS), and in collaboration with the ATOMKI laboratories, an innovative multi-diagnostic system with advanced analytical methods has been designed and implemented. This is based on several detectors and techniques (Optical Emission Spectroscopy, RF systems, interfero-polarimetry, X-ray detectors), and here we focus on high-resolution, spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, performed by means of a X-ray pin-hole camera setup operating in the 0.5–20 keV energy domain. The diagnostic system was installed at a 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source (ATOMKI, Debrecen), enabling high-precision, X-ray, spectrally resolved imaging of ECR plasmas heated by hundreds of Watts. The achieved spatial and energy resolutions were 0.5 mm and 300 eV at 8 keV, respectively. Here, we present the innovative analysis algorithm that we properly developed to obtain Single Photon-Counted (SPhC) images providing the local plasma-emitted spectrum in a High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) mode, by distinguishing fluorescence lines of the materials of the plasma chamber (Ti, Ta) from plasma (Ar). This method allows for a quantitative characterization of warm electrons population in the plasma (and its 2D distribution), which are the most important for ionization, and to estimate local plasma density and spectral temperatures. The developed post-processing analysis is also able to remove the readout noise that is often observable at very low exposure times (msec). The setup is now being updated, including fast shutters and trigger systems to allow simultaneous space and time-resolved plasma spectroscopy during transients, stable and turbulent regimes.

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High dynamic range streak camera for subpicosecond time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy

Review of Scientific Instruments ◽

10.1063/1.2720718 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 043503 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. Bonté ◽

M. Harmand ◽

F. Dorchies ◽

S. Magnan ◽

V. Pitre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

Streak Camera ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray ◽

High Dynamic

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The ePix10k 2-megapixel hard X-ray detector at LCLS

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577520004257 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 608-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tim Brandt van Driel ◽

Silke Nelson ◽

Rebecca Armenta ◽

Gabriel Blaj ◽

Stephen Boo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repetition Rate ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Single Photon ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Pixel Detector ◽

Large Area ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

X Ray ◽

Area Detector ◽

High Dynamic

The ePix10ka2M (ePix10k) is a new large area detector specifically developed for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) applications. The hybrid pixel detector was developed at SLAC to provide a hard X-ray area detector with a high dynamic range, running at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The ePix10k consists of 16 modules, each with 352 × 384 pixels of 100 µm × 100 µm distributed on four ASICs, resulting in a 2.16 megapixel detector, with a 16.5 cm × 16.5 cm active area and ∼80% coverage. The high dynamic range is achieved with three distinct gain settings (low, medium, high) as well as two auto-ranging modes (high-to-low and medium-to-low). Here the three fixed gain modes are evaluated. The resulting dynamic range (from single photon counting to 10000 photons pixel−1 pulse−1 at 8 keV) makes it suitable for a large number of different XFEL experiments. The ePix10k replaces the large CSPAD in operation since 2011. The dimensions of the two detectors are similar, making the upgrade from CSPAD to ePix10k straightforward for most setups, with the ePix10k improving on experimental performance. The SLAC-developed ePix cameras all utilize a similar platform, are tailored to target different experimental conditions and are designed to provide an upgrade path for future high-repetition-rate XFELs. Here the first measurements on this new ePix10k detector are presented and the performance under typical XFEL conditions evaluated during an LCLS X-ray diffuse scattering experiment measuring the 9.5 keV X-ray photons scattered from a thin liquid jet.

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The new NCPSS BL19U2 beamline at the SSRF for small-angle X-ray scattering from biological macromolecules in solution

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s160057671601195x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 1428-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Na Li ◽

Xiuhong Li ◽

Yuzhu Wang ◽

Guangfeng Liu ◽

Ping Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Processing ◽

Small Angle ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Silicon Crystal ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Biological Macromolecules ◽

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Ray Scattering

The beamline BL19U2 is located in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) and is its first beamline dedicated to biological material small-angle X-ray scattering (BioSAXS). The electrons come from an undulator which can provide high brilliance for the BL19U2 end stations. A double flat silicon crystal (111) monochromator is used in BL19U2, with a tunable monochromatic photon energy ranging from 7 to 15 keV. To meet the rapidly growing demands of crystallographers, biochemists and structural biologists, the BioSAXS beamline allows manual and automatic sample loading/unloading. A Pilatus 1M detector (Dectris) is employed for data collection, characterized by a high dynamic range and a short readout time. The highly automated data processing pipeline SASFLOW was integrated into BL19U2, with help from the BioSAXS group of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL, Hamburg), which provides a user-friendly interface for data processing. The BL19U2 beamline was officially opened to users in March 2015. To date, feedback from users has been positive and the number of experimental proposals at BL19U2 is increasing. A description of the new BioSAXS beamline and the setup characteristics is given, together with examples of data obtained.

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The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP at BESSY II

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577521002484 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Matthias Rössle ◽

Wolfram Leitenberger ◽

Matthias Reinhardt ◽

Azize Koç ◽

Jan Pudell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Storage Ring ◽

Single Photon ◽

Laser System ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Laser Pulses ◽

Pixel Detector ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Optical Pump ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray

The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP for optical pump/X-ray probe experiments at the electron storage ring BESSY II is dedicated to investigating the structural response of thin film samples and heterostructures after their excitation with ultrashort laser pulses and/or electric field pulses. It enables experiments with access to symmetric and asymmetric Bragg reflections via a four-circle diffractometer and it is possible to keep the sample in high vacuum and vary the sample temperature between ∼15 K and 350 K. The femtosecond laser system permanently installed at the beamline allows for optical excitation of the sample at 1028 nm. A non-linear optical setup enables the sample excitation also at 514 nm and 343 nm. A time-resolution of 17 ps is achieved with the `low-α' operation mode of the storage ring and an electronic variation of the delay between optical pump and hard X-ray probe pulse conveniently accesses picosecond to microsecond timescales. Direct time-resolved detection of the diffracted hard X-ray synchrotron pulses use a gated area pixel detector or a fast point detector in single photon counting mode. The range of experiments that are reliably conducted at the endstation and that detect structural dynamics of samples excited by laser pulses or electric fields are presented.

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High Dynamic Range Imaging at the Quantum Limit with Single Photon Avalanche Diode-Based Image Sensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18041166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1166 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Neale Dutton ◽

Tarek Al Abbas ◽

Istvan Gyongy ◽

Francescopaolo Mattioli Della Rocca ◽

Robert Henderson

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

Single Photon ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Image Sensors ◽

Quantum Limit ◽

High Dynamic Range Imaging ◽

Range Imaging ◽

Avalanche Diode ◽

High Dynamic

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High Dynamic Range in X-ray Imaging

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing - Information Technology in Biomedicine ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-91211-0_4 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 39-51

Author(s):

Przemysław Skurowski ◽

Kamila Wicher

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

High Dynamic

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High Dynamic Range Imaging with TDC-Based CMOS SPAD Arrays

Instruments ◽

10.3390/instruments3030038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Majid Zarghami ◽

Leonardo Gasparini ◽

Matteo Perenzoni ◽

Lucio Pancheri

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

Single Photon ◽

Photon Counting ◽

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽

High Dynamic Range ◽

Oxide Semiconductor ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Integration Time ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

High Dynamic

This paper investigates the use of image sensors based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in high dynamic range (HDR) imaging by combining photon counts and timestamps. The proposed method is validated experimentally with an SPAD detector based on a per-pixel time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture. The detector, featuring 32 × 32 pixels with 44.64-µm pitch, 19.48% fill factor, and time-resolving capability of ~295-ps, was fabricated in a 150-nm CMOS standard technology. At high photon flux densities, the pixel output is saturated when operating in photon-counting mode, thus limiting the DR of this imager. This limitation can be overcome by exploiting the distribution of photon arrival times in each pixel, which shows an exponential behavior with a decay rate dependent on the photon flux level. By fitting the histogram curve with the exponential decay function, the extracted time constant is used to estimate the photon count. This approach achieves 138.7-dB dynamic range within 30-ms of integration time, and can be further extended by using a timestamping mechanism with a higher resolution.

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