Amendements  on Salinity and Water Retention of Sand Base Rootzone and  Turfgrass Yield

This research was column pot experiment with turfgrass was Kentucky bluegrass (<em>Poa pratensis</em>) plant irrigated saline irrigation and the column soaked in saline water. Rootzone profile consisted of 20 cm using saline lake dredged up sand. The sand amendments of the root zone were soil, zeolite, bottom ash, and peat. The mixtures of topsoil were; 90% sand + 10% peat moss, 80% sand + 10% soil + 10 % bottom ash, 80% sand + 20% soil, 90% sand + 5% peat + 5% zeolite, and 80% sand + 20% bottom ash. Interruption layer with coarse sand with diameters over 2 mm of 20 cm and 10 cm loamy soil as the bottom layer of the column. The result showed that Kentucky bluegrass could grow in sand based growing media amended by peat, sandy loam soils, bottom ash and zeolite being irrigated by 2 dS m<sup>-1</sup> saline water. Sand-based growing media amended by peat resulted in the highest clipping weigh but showed the highest salt accumulations. Sand amended by bottom ash and applied gypsum decreased clipping weigh, decreased SAR and increased calcium (Ca) when compared to the soil + peat (SP). Sand amended by zeolite and gypsum decreased clipping weight, decreased sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and higher Ca. Higher soil moisture retention of growing media promoted the growth of Kentucky bluegrass in spring, and lower moisture content promoted the growth in summer and fall season.

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Sand Topdressing Applications Improve Shear Strength and Turfgrass Density on Trafficked Athletic Fields

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.5.867 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 867-872 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alexander R. Kowalewski ◽

John N. Rogers ◽

James R. Crum ◽

Jeffrey C. Dunne

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Root Zone ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

System Development ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Shoot Density ◽

Surface Shear ◽

Surface Stability

Drain tile installation into a native-soil athletic field and subsequent sand topdressing applications are cost-effective alternatives to complete field renovation. However, if cumulative topdressing rates exceed root system development, surface stability may be compromised. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of cumulative topdressing, over a compacted sandy loam soil, on the fall wear tolerance and surface shear strength of a kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)–perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) stand. Research was initiated in East Lansing, MI, on 10 Apr. 2007. A well-graded, high-sand-content root zone (90.0% sand, 7.0% silt, and 3.0% clay) was topdressed at a 0.25-inch depth [2.0 lb/ft2 (dry weight)] per application, providing cumulative topdressing depths of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 inches applied from 11 July to 15 Aug. 2007. Fall traffic was applied twice weekly to all treatments from 10 Oct. to 3 Nov. 2007. In 2008, topdressing applications and traffic, as described earlier, were repeated on the same experimental plots. Results obtained from this research suggest that the 0.5-inch topdressing depth applied over a 5-week period in the summer will provide improved shoot density and surface shear strength in the subsequent fall. Results also suggest that topdressing rates as thick as 4.0 inches accumulated over a 2-year period will provide increased shoot density, but diminished surface shear strength.

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Turfgrass Establishment from Polymer-coated Seed Under Saline Irrigation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.12.1789 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1789-1794 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Matteo Serena ◽

Bernd Leinauer ◽

Rossana Sallenave ◽

Marco Schiavon ◽

Bernd Maier

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Potable Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Seed Coating ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Seashore Paspalum

A study was conducted at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, NM, in 2009 and 2010 to investigate the establishment of five turfgrass species {‘Barrister’ kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.], ‘Barvado’ tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.], ‘Premier II’ perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.], ‘Bargusto’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon. transvalensis Burtt-Davy], and ‘Sea Spray’ seashore paspalum [Paspalum vaginatum O. Swartz]} from coated and uncoated seed. The grasses were irrigated at 100% reference evapotranspiration (ET0) during fall, winter, and spring and at 120% ET0 during summer with either saline [electrical conductivity (EC) = 2.3 dS·m−1] or potable water (EC = 0.6 dS·m−1). Generally, seed coating did not affect seedling emergence negatively when irrigated with saline water. During fall, perennial ryegrass exhibited fastest emergence under both saline and potable irrigation and bermudagrass was the only grass to show greater emergence when irrigated with saline water. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were the fastest to emerge in spring, regardless of seed coating or water quality. Seed coating delayed early establishment (less than 50% coverage) but did not affect days to reach 95% coverage (DAS95). Bermudagrass and seashore paspalum required the most DAS95 when seeded in the fall; however, bermudagrass needed fewest DAS95 when seeded in the spring. All grasses established faster when seeded in spring compared with fall. Fall-seeded perennial ryegrass and kentucky bluegrass required similar DAS95, whereas kentucky bluegrass seeded in spring was slower to reach 95% coverage than perennial ryegrass. Saline water had no effect on establishment when grasses were sown in fall. Surprisingly, grasses established in spring and irrigated with saline water reached 95% coverage 26 days faster than plots irrigated with potable water. Moreover, the growing degree-day model used in this study did not produce similar values for the different air temperatures and irrigation water qualities.

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TOLERANCE OF SOME TURFGRASS SPECIES TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT IN SOILS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps73-012 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 69-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. E. CORDUKES ◽

A. J. MACLEAN

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Root Production ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Salt Addition

Addition of CaCl2∙2H2O at the rate of 2,000 ppm to give a conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated paste extract of three soils varying in texture from sand to clay loam had no apparent effects on the quality of turf of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grown in pot tests. When the rate was increased to 8,000 ppm and the conductivity to about 20 mmhos/cm, the turfgrass deteriorated markedly in the clay loam and the sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the sand. All species reacted similarly to the detrimental effect of salt in the soils, and the deterioration in turf quality was accompanied by a decline in root production. The concentration of chloride in leaf tissue usually increased with increasing amounts of salt in the soils and tended to be highest in perennial ryegrass and lowest in creeping red fescue. At the higher rates of salt addition, the amounts of chloride in the turfgrass tended to be lower on the sand than on the other soils.

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Effect of boronated saline irrigation water on linseed

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600041691 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 102 (1) ◽

pp. 237-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. P. S. Chauhan ◽

C. P. S. Chauhan ◽

S. K. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Saline Water ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Continuous Use ◽

Semi Arid

Underground irrigation water, particularly saline, when in arid and semi-arid regions of India may contain toxic amounts of B, from a trace up to 10 mg B/l (Anon. 1981–82). Continuous use of such water for irrigation may lead to the accumulation of salts and B in soil and this creates toxicity problems. Kanwar & Mehta (1970) have reported that water containing 2 mg B/l is hazardous if used on heavy soils. For sandy loam soils of semi-arid tracts in India, Chauhan & Powar (1978) have reported reductions in the grain yield of wheat and pea at 4 and 6 mg B/l respectively, while under similar conditions grain yield of lentil and barley was reduced at 3 and 6 mg B/l respectively (Chauhan & Asthana, 1981). So far, few attempts have been made to evaluate the effect of boronated saline water on soil and crops, under different agroclimatic conditions. A study of the effect of boronated saline water on an important oil-seed crop, linseed, on alkaline sandy loam soil in the semi-arid region of Agra, India was therefore undertaken.

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Feasibility of Using Saline Drainage Water for Processing-tomato Irrigation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.838b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 838B-838

Author(s):

J.P. Mitchell ◽

D.M. May ◽

C. Shennan

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Saline Water ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Field Studies ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Processing Tomato

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to assess the effects of irrigation with saline drainage water on processing-tomato fruit yields and quality constituents. Saline water (ECiw = 7 dS/m) was used for 66% of the seasonal irrigation requirements in 1992 and 82% in 1993. Yields of tomatoes irrigated with saline water were maintained relative to nonsaline irrigation in 1992, but were decreased by 33% in 1993. Juice Brix and Bostwick consistency were generally improved by irrigation with saline water. pH was unaffected by irrigation treatment, and titratable acidity, an estimate of citric acid content, was increased only in 1993. Calculated quantities for various marketable processed product yields reflect the dominant influence of fresh fruit yield that masked, to a large extent, whatever quality enhancements that may have derived from saline irrigation. The substantial tomato yield reduction that occurred in the second year of this study in plots irrigated with saline drainage water, the gradual surface accumulation of boron, as well as the significant salt buildup in lower portions of the crop root zone following drainage water irrigations demonstrate definitive limitations to the reuse approach and restrict options for the crops that can be grown in this system and the frequency of saline drainage reuse.

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Seedling Emergence of Tall Fescue and Kentucky Bluegrass, as Affected by Two Seed Coating Techniques

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.2.415 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 415-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.D. Richardson ◽

K.W. Hignight

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Soil Types ◽

Seed Coating ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Positive Effect

Seed coating has been effectively used in the agricultural and horticultural industries for over 100 years. Recently, several turfgrass seed companies have been applying seed coating technologies to commercial seed lines, but there have been limited studies that have demonstrated a positive benefit of seed coating to turfgrass seed. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two commercially available seed coating technologies, including a fungicide/biostimulant coating and a starch-based polymer coating, on tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) in three soil types. Coated seeds were obtained from a retail outlet. Non-coated seed samples were developed by removing the coating from the seed just before planting. Neither coating technology had an effect on tall fescue speed of germination or total germination percentage in any of the soil types. Seed coating did have a positive effect on the speed of germination of kentucky bluegrass in a sandy loam soil, but did not improve the speed of germination or percentage emergence in the other soil types. These results support earlier findings that seed coating has minimal effects on establishment of turfgrass species. However, these coatings may provide benefits when attempting to establish turfgrasses in less than ideal conditions.

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First Record of Trichodorus primitivus and Morphological and Molecular Identification of Longidorus elongatus from Canada

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-6-0782b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 782-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Pedram ◽

G. Niknam ◽

R. T. Robbins ◽

W. Decraemer ◽

W. Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Tail Length ◽

Its Region ◽

First Record ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Morphometric Data ◽

De Man ◽

Blastn Search

During July 2008, sandy loam soil samples were collected near the rhizosphere of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at a depth of 15 to 20 cm from Caledonia Park, Toronto, Canada. Samples were suspended in water and nematodes were collected on sieves with 250- and 74-μm openings. Among the nematodes recovered were one species of Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (4) and one species of Trichodorus Cobb, 1913. The Trichodorus species (2), was identified as T. primitivus (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922, in which females have rod-like sclerotized pieces parallel to the vagina lumen, each with dimensions of 3.1 × 1.2 μm and at a distance of 2 to 3 μm from each other; and males have spicules with a wide nonoffset capitulum and very narrow blade, three ventromedian cervical papillae (CP), and three precloacal supplements with the anterior one at the level of the capitulum of retracted spicules. Males showed unusual variation in the position of CP2 (i.e., posterior to the onchiostyle region, except for one specimen with CP2 located within the posterior onchiostyle region, which is typical for the species). The morphometric data for nine males are: L, 665 to 805 μm; a, 23.0 to 27.5; b, 3.7 to 5.2; c, 46 to 56; onchiostyle, 47 to 52 μm; and spicules, 32.5 to 40.5 μm. Measurements for 13 females are: L, 630 to 775 μm; a, 20.5 to 24.8; b, 3.5 to 5.5; c, 75.5 to 158.5; and V, 54 to 61%. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. primitivus in Canada. According to Chen et al. (1), the Longidorus species was identified as L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1922 (3). The morphometric data for females (n = 13) are: L, 5.1 to 6.0 mm; a, 78.5 to 106.5; b, 11.5 to 13.5; c, 86.0 to 120.5; V, 45.5 to 53.0%; odontostyle, 79 to 91 μm; odontophore, 57.5 to 66.5 μm; and tail length, 44.5 to 59.0 μm. Males were not found. Four juvenile stages were identified. J1 (n = 2) with a body length of 1.1, 1.2 mm and replacement/functional odontostyle 59, 59/53.5, 54.5 μm, J2 (n = 2) with L: 1.7, 2.0 mm and replacement/functional odontostyle 62.5, 68.0/58.7 μm, 59.0, J3 (n = 2): L: 2.8, 3.0 mm and replacement/functional odontostyle 76.5, 77/66.5, 67.0 μm and J4 (n = 2) with L: 3.6, 3.8 mm and replacement/functional odontostyle 87.0, 90.5/75.0, 77.5 μm. Due to large morphometric overlap in Longidorus species identification, 2,472 bp of the near full-length 18S and the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of rDNA (Accession No. GU199044) were sequenced. The Blastn search of the partial 18S revealed 100% identity with a population of L. elongatus from Scotland (GenBank No. AY687992, 1,707 bp compared), 99% identity (3 bp difference, 1,707 bp compared) with a population of L. elongatus from Iran (EU503141) and 99% identity (4 bp difference, 1,707 bp compared) with a population of L. elongatus (AF036594, sample location unknown). A Blastn search of the 18S and ITS region revealed only 1 to 3 bp differences with two populations of L. elongatus from Switzerland (AJ549986 and AJ549987) and a population of L. elongatus (AF511417) from Scotland. These molecular data further confirmed the identity of the population from Canada to be L. elongatus. References: (1) Q. Chen et al. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 20:15, 1997. (2) W. Decraemer. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1995. (3) J. G. de Man. Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. 2:78, 1876. (4) H. Micoletzky. Archiv. Naturgesch. 87:1, 1922.

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Amending Sand with Isolite and Zeolite under Saline Conditions: Leachate Composition and Salt Deposition

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.36.4.717 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 717-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Y.L. Qian ◽

A.J. Koski ◽

R. Welton

Keyword(s):

Saline Water ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Sodium Absorption ◽

Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽

Salt Deposition ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Leachate Composition

Understanding the possible influence of inorganic soil amendments on salt leaching and deposition is helpful in selecting soil amendments when salinity is a problem. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to: 1) evaluate the effects of isolite and zeolite on turf quality of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) under three salinity levels; and 2) determine if soil amendments affected leachate composition, salt deposition, and soil sodium absorption ratio (SAR). `Challenger' Kentucky bluegrass was grown in columns filled with 100% sand, 50 sand: 50 isolite, and 50 sand: 50 zeolite (v/v). Irrigation waters with three levels of salinity [0.25 (control), 3.5, or 6.5 dS·m-1] were applied daily for 3 months in Study I and for 6 months in Study II. Saline water reduced turf quality compared with control. Amendment of sand with isolite increased turf quality only during the third month of treatment with the most saline water in Study I. However, zeolite increased turf quality during both the second and third months at both salinity levels in both studies. The beneficial effects of zeolite on turf quality diminished 5 and 6 months after salinity treatments. Amending sand with zeolite reduced leaching of Na+ and K+, but increased the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Amending sand with zeolite increased SAR values by 0.9, 1.6, and 6.3 units in Study I and 0.9, 3.6, and 10.9 units in Study II, under control, 3.5, and 6.5 dS·m-1 salinity treatments, respectively. Isolite increased SAR by 1.1-1.6 units with 3.5 dS·m-1 and by 2.5-3.5 units with 6.5 dS·m-1 salinity treatments. Results indicate that amending with zeolite may buffer soil solution Na+ concentration in the short-term. In the long-term, however, a substantial amount of Na+ may be retained concurrent with Ca2+ and Mg2+ exchange, thereby increasing sodicity and salinity problems.

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Timing of Nitrate Leaching from Turfgrass after Multiple Fertilizer Applications

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2000.040 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 735-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J.W. Roy ◽

G.W. Parkin ◽

C. Wagner-Riddle

Keyword(s):

Environmental Concern ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Solute Concentration ◽

Late Autumn ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Infiltration Front

Abstract The leaching of nitrogen from surface-applied fertilizer to groundwater is an environmental concern. Nitrogen fertilizer is routinely applied to turfgrass from spring to late autumn in Canada. The main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of N applied in May, July and September to leaching. The leaching of applied chloride (May and September only) was also monitored and the transport of nitrate and chloride were simulated using the model LEACHM (within EXPRES) to assist in fulfilling the main objective. The accuracy of the model simulation for transport, not nitrogen losses, was also addressed. Field lysimeters (Guelph, Ontario) were packed with a three-horizon profile of a sandy loam soil, topped with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) sod and monitored for 1 year. Based on soil water samples taken from suction samplers placed at depths of 10, 17, 29, 43, 54, 64 and 85 cm, part of the solute from spring/summer applications remained in the soil during the unusually dry summer. This residual solute was later transported downward with the ensuing infiltration front in late autumn, building upon the autumn application, resulting in excessive concentrations. Predictions by LEACHM of solute concentration profiles generally were similar to field measurements.

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Sustaining Yield of Winter Wheat under Alternate Irrigation Using Saline Water at Different Growth Stages: A Case Study in the North China Plain

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11174564 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 4564 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rajesh Kumar Soothar ◽

Wenying Zhang ◽

Binhui Liu ◽

Moussa Tankari ◽

Chao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Root Zone ◽

Saline Water ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Saline Water Irrigation ◽

Different Growth Stages

Brackish water used for irrigation can restrict crop growth and lead to environmental problems. The alternate irrigation with saline water at different growth stages is still not well understood. Therefore, field trials were conducted during 2015–2018 in the NCP to investigate whether alternate irrigation is practicable for winter wheat production. The treatments comprised rain-fed cultivation (NI), fresh and saline water irrigation (FS), saline and fresh water irrigation (SF), saline water irrigation (SS) and fresh water irrigation (FF). The results showed that the grain yield was increased by 20% under SF and FS treatments compared to NI, while a minor decrease of 2% in grain yield was observed compared with FF treatment. The increased soil salinity and risk of long-term salt accumulation in the soil due to alternate irrigation during peak dry periods was insignificant due to leaching of salts from crop root zone during monsoon season. Although Na+ concentration in the leaves increased with saline irrigation, resulting in significantly lower K+:Na+ ratio in the leaves, the Na+ and K+ concentrations in the roots and grains were not affected. In conclusion, the alternate irrigation for winter wheat is a most promising option to harvest more yield and save fresh water resources.

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