scholarly journals Posisi Hukum Adat dalam Hukum Kontrak Nasional Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paripurna P Sugarda
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Western Law ◽  
Adat Law

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Sooner or later Indonesia will have its own law of contract. Reasons for this statement are, firstly, current Indonesian contract law is actually a law that is provided in the Book III of old Dutch Civil Code that is not being used anymore by Dutch. Secondly, due to the difference of Indonesian way and philosophy of life, social norm and structure in the society, some provisions in the “Indonesian Contract Law” are incompliance with Indonesian nation characters. From the analysis of this research, it found that firstly, western civil law is different from the adat civil law; the western civil law are more individualistic, while the adat civil law are communalistic.  In their development, however, the western law has gone through collectivization process and the adat law has gone through individualistic process. Secondly, there are two main factors, which influence the formation of law, namely: ideal and real factors.  Principles of kinship, mutual assistance, and mutual helping are the ideal factor in the national contract law compilation, as for the principles of respecting each other, appropriateness and harmonious are the real factors.   Thirdly, Indonesian contractual law (Dutch old Civil Code), in The Netherlands, with the Netherlands New Civil Code (NBW) lead to more clear direction, broader scope, and focus on term of application. This could be seen on how Dutch Civil Law develops regulations related to good faith principle. Fourthly, with the development of good faith principle in The Netherlands, the principles of adat law has chance to be reflected and to be applied on national contract law. The possible way to reflect the principles of adat law inside national contract law is through using the good faith principle on contract law. Therefore, it is suggested that adat law principles should be use as a back ground and principles of New Indonesian Contract Law in the future.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords : The New Indonesian Contract Law, Principles of Adat Law</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Cepat atau lambat Indonesia akan memiliki hukum perjanjiannya sendiri. Alasan dari pernyataan ini adalah bahwa, pertama, hukum kontrak Indoensia sekarang adalah sebenarnya hukum yang diatur dalam Buku III dari KUH Perdata Lama yang tidak lagi digunakan di negera Belanda. Kedua, karena perbedaan padangan dan fisafat hidup, norma dan struktur sosial dalam masyarakat, beberapa ketentuan dalam Hukum Kontrak Indonesia tidak sesuai dengan sifat dari bangsa Indonesia. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa, pertama,<strong> </strong>asas-asas hukum perdata barat jika dihadapkan dengan asas-asas hukum perdata adat maka asas-asas hukum perdata barat cenderung bersifat individualistik sedangkan asas hukum perdata adat cenderung bersifat komunalistik. Hukum barat dalam perkembangannya mengalami proses koletivisasi sedangkan hukum adat mengalami proses indvidualisasi.<strong> </strong>Kedua, ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi terbentuknya suatu hukum yakni faktor idiil dan faktor riil. Asas-asas kekeluargaan, gotong-royong, dan tolong-menolong merupakan asas yang hukum adat yang merupakan faktor idiil dalam pembentukan hukum kontrak Nasional, sedangkan asas rukun, kepatutan atau kepantasan dan laras (harmoni) merupakan asas hukum adat yang merupakan faktor riil dalam pembentukan hukum kontrak nasional.<strong> </strong>Ketiga<strong>, </strong>hukum perjanjian Indonesia (KUH Pdt Belanda Lama), di Belanda, dengan <em>the Netherlands New Civil Code</em> (NBW) kearah yang lebih jelas, lebih luas cakupannya, dan lebih terarah penerapannya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari bagaimana Hukum Perdata Belanda mengembangkan peraturan yang mengandung asas itikad baik. Keempat, dengan perkembangan pengaturan asas itikad baik yang terjadi di Belanda, asas-asas hukum adat berpeluang untuk tampil dan dipergunakan dalam hukum kontrak nasional. Cara yang mungkin dilakukan untuk menampilkan asas-asas hukum adat dalam hukum kontrak nasional adalah dengan menggunakan proses konkretisasi asas itikad baik dalam hukum kontrak sebagai sarananya. Dengan demikian, seyogyanya asas-asas hukum adat tersebut di atas merupakan landasan dan latar belakang pembentukan hukum kontrak Indonesia yang akan datang.</p><p><strong>Katakunci : Hukum Kontrak Indonesia yang akan datang, Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Adat</strong></p>

scholarly journals The principle of good faith and fair dealing in English contract law

Pravovedenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-325
Author(s):  
Jan Halberda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
Objective Sense ◽  
English Law

Given that continental civil law scholarship applies the concept of good faith in either a subjective (honesty in fact) or objective sense (good faith and fair dealing), the present article focuses on the latter one. The traditional view in England and Wales discards the recognition of a general principle of good faith and fair dealing in English law. English courts have adopted a piecemeal solutions approach (as shown by the judicial decisions issued in Interfoto Picture Library (1987) and Walford v. Miles (1992)). Meanwhile, the principle in question, along with the concept of the freedom of contract, is one of the most important principles of the continental civil law tradition (cf. art. 1104 of the French Civil Code, § 157, § 242 of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, art. 2 (1) of the Swiss Zivilgesetzbuch, art. 6:2 Burgerlijk Wetboek, art. 5 of the Polish Civil Code, art. 2 (1) Common European Sales Law, art. 1:201 Principles of European Contract Law, art. III1:103 Draft Common Frame of Reference). The current work analyzes recent English case law (in particular Yam Seng (2013)), which seems to acknowledge the principle of good faith and fair dealing while rejecting the traditional view mentioned above. The comparative approach — references to American, and Commonwealth law, as well as to that of particular European states — is taken into account. The author claims that hostility to the concept of good faith in an objective sense in English law is superficial. One may expect that in the near future courts in England and Wales will follow the path taken by courts in the United States (§ 205 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts (1981)), Australia (Renard Constructions (1992)) and Canada (Bhasin v. Hrynew (2014)), and they will finally recognize good faith as an underlying principle.

scholarly journals Juridical Review Of Nominee Agreement In Land Of Tenure Property Rights Under The Book Of Civil Law And Agraria

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Indah Esti Cahyani ◽  
Aryani Witasari
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Related Statement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Consequences

Nominee agreement is an agreement made between someone who by law can not be the subject of rights to certain lands (property rights), in this case that foreigners (WNA) and Indonesian Citizen (citizen), with the intention that the foreigners can master land de facto property rights, but legal-formal (de jure) land property rights are assigned to his Indonesian citizen. The purpose of this paper isto assess the position of the nominee agreement in Indonesia's legal system and the legal consequences arising in terms of the draft Civil Code and the Law on Agrarian. Agreement is an agreement unnamed nominee made based on the principle of freedom of contract and good faith of the parties. However, it should be noted that the law prohibits foreigners make agreements / related statement stock wealth / property (land) for and on behalf of others, sehingga the legal consequences of the agreement is the nominee of the agreement is not legally enforceable because the agreement was made on a false causa.Keywords: Nominee Agreement; Property Rights; Foreigners.

15. Good faith

Contract Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy Chen-Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
General Duty ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference

English law does not currently recognise a general duty of good faith, but this position is increasingly being challenged. In addition, good faith informs a diverse range of legal doctrines and principles. This chapter addresses the following: the meaning of good faith; good faith in current contract law; and the nature of good faith. It further considers whether English law should recognise a general good faith doctrine and the difference this might make to various aspects of the law.

scholarly journals Expansion of party replacement designs in the commitment in the civil law of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 298-305
Author(s):  
Venetskay Marina
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Party ◽  
European Legislation ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
Additional Costs

The article is devoted to improving the legal regulation of the replacement of a party to an obligation in the civil legislation of Ukraine, taking into account the needs of civilian turnover and economic practice. The reasonability of the additional settlement of issues of reimbursement of contracts for the assignment of claims and compensation for additional costs associated with such a concession, as well as the introduction of the institution of the assignment of contracts into Ukrainian civil law, is argued. The lack of a direct indication of the law on the remuneration of a claim for assignment of a claim has led to the emergence of a number of interpretations of such a transaction as being non-remunerative. Meanwhile, according to the basic provisions of the Civil Code of Contract - the contract is repayable, unless otherwise stipulated by the contract, law or does not follow from the essence of the contract. In addition, the consequence of concluding a deed of assignment claim is the acquisition by the new creditor of property rights that are property, so the free acquisition of property must be considered as a gift, an indication that is absent in the legislation. Unknown to the contract law of Ukraine and the civil institute of contract withdrawal, which is sufficiently widespread in economic practice and is regulated by European legislation. . The meaning of a contract cancellation is to transfer from one person to another the rights and obligations under the contract with a third party, ie it is a simultaneous combination of the cancellation of claims and the transfer of debt. It is necessary to extend the methods (structures) of transfer of debt through the introduction in Ukrainian civil law of the methods known since Roman times, in particular, the expropriation as a separate construction of the replacement of the debtor in the obligation, which occurs on the initiative of the creditor and on the basis of the agreement concluded between such credit and the new debtor in the absence of the need to obtain such consent from the original debtor; and intercession as a construct, when a new debtor is joined to the obligation (which may be divisible) and each of them must fulfill the obligation in its share.

scholarly journals Transfer of property based on property law rules and contract law rules under forthcoming Kosovo draft-civil code

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Haxhi Gashi ◽  
Bashkim Preteni
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Abstract System ◽  
Causal System ◽  
The Law

In most civil law jurisdictions, the contract is the most used derivative title for the transfer of ownership (movable and immovable property). Very often, the law of property and law of contract are seen as distinct and one can envisage their role from different legal perspectives. This is closely connected with the type of transfer system based on whether the (Austrian) causal system, (German) abstract system or (French) consensual system is applicable. Kosovo is in the process of civil law codification and the Kosovo Draft-Civil Code which has followed the application of the causal system of transfer of property and such an above mentioned interaction of these two branches of civil law is mandatory, and only with a common survey can the contractual transfer of property be illustrated. The aim of this paper is to focus solely on the influence of contract law rules in connection with the acquisition of ownership over movable and immovable property determined by Kosovo Draft-Civil Code.

Formation of Contract and Stipulations for Third Parties in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary F Bell
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

Indonesia is one of the most legally diverse and complex countries in the world. It practises legal pluralism with three types of contract law in force: adat (customary) contract laws, Islamic contract laws (mostly concerning banking), and the European civil law of contract, transplanted from the Netherlands in 1847, found mainly in the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). This chapter focuses on European civil law as it is the law used for the majority of commercial transactions. The civil law of contract is not well developed and there is a paucity of indigenous doctrine and jurisprudence, since most significant commercial disputes are settled by arbitration. The contours of the law are consistent with the French/Dutch legal tradition. In the formation of contracts, the subjective intention of the parties plays a greater role than in the common law. As with most jurisdictions with a Napoleonic tradition, the offer must include all the essential element of the contract, there is no concept of ‘invitations to treat’ or of ‘consideration’, the common law posting rule is rejected, and the contract is formed only when the acceptance is received. There are generally few requirements of form but some contracts must be in writing and some in a notarial deed.

Civil Code Revision in Germany: The Experience in the Field of Contract Law

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Hein Kötz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Second Stage

In November 1964 the then Minister of Justice stated in the Knesset: The Members of Knesset surely know that shortly after assuming office I outlined a broad plan to liberate the Israeli law from the shackles of foreign laws and foreign languages. The plan relates first to the Ottoman legislation which is still in force, in particular the civil law compilation known as the Mejelle, and also to Mandatory legislation. The intention is to replace the various chapters of the Mejelle with original Israeli statutes and perhaps later, at a second stage, to unify these statutes with other special statutes in one complete and homogeneous tractate that will serve as an exhaustive civil code.

scholarly journals A Digitális Egységes Piaci Stratégia szerződési jogi hatásai a magyar polgári jogra

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 108-120
Author(s):  
Máté Árva
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Digital Content ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Definition Of

The necessity of framing contract law fulfilling the expectations of the digital era is among the main purposes of the Digital Single Market Strategy, that has been introduced by the European Committe in 2015. Within the Strategy two directive proposals have been presented: the directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and the directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the online and other distance sales of goods. These include the concept of conformity with the contract, the meaning of which raises several questions to be answered regarding the Hungarian legal system. My treatise focuses on the investigation of the criteria of conformity with the contract with special regard to the definiton of the directive proposals. In the first place I outline the elements of conformity with the contract, then I attempt to create a comprehensive definition of it. Thereafter I analyse the rules of the Hungarian Civil Code that are connected to the category of the conformity. Furthermore, I investigate the necessity of the integration of the conformity with the contract into the the Hungarian civil law. Finally, I present a future legislative concept that could be regarded as a possible way of adaptation of this legal category.

scholarly journals Implementation of the good faith principle in civil legislation: issues of recodification

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Gaydulin ◽  
Iryna Sharkova
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Further Development

The article is devoted to one important problem of recoding of the civil legislation in Ukraine – the process of further implementationof the Good Faith principle in Civil Code.It was generally accepted that the important step towards the modernization of the governing civil law is the re-codification oflegislation in force. It is for this purpose that Concept of modernization of the Civil Code of Ukraine (Recodification) was publishedby the end of 2020.The overall analysis of the Concept of modernization points to one important conclusion. The document involves it’s probablythe recodification of settled law and does not alter the main principles set out in Civil Code, although every change in legislation in anyparticular case requires a general explanation. It is unclear whether that process involves recodification or progressive development(post codification), but what was clear is that the system upgrade of civil legislation need to be done.In this paper a comprehensive analysis of the reception of Roman good faith principle in the modem civil legislation of Ukraineis performed. In the Roman Jurisprudence this natural law principle has got the name bona fides. In this research paper is determinedthat bona fide principle is an effective means counteraction to abuse of subjective civil rights.The meaning of good faith, though always based on honesty, may vary depending on the specific historical context in which itis used. As in Roman times well as nowthere two universal criterion of good faith: fair price and common sense. For example, a personbuys in good faith when he or she holds an honest belief in his or her right or title to the property and has no knowledge or reason toknow of any defect in the title.In the modern doctrine of private law good faith is defined generally as honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercialstandards of fair dealing.The process of reception of the good faith principle in the modern civil law is investigated separately. One can draw conclusionthat further development of civil legislation of Ukraine should be based on the classic concept of good faith (bona fides).With a view to enforcing this Concept of modernization, it is proposed to amend the following articles of the Civil Code ofUkraine: art. 3, 8, 12, 13, 229–233, 509. In these articles the principle of good faith is implemented.The main conclusion is that there is no need to detail this principle with due to the numerous casual norms.

scholarly journals Application of the Principles of Business Judgment in the Authoritative Function of Directors of Limited Liability Company in Singaporean and Indonesian Legal Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Daniel Hendrawan ◽  
Emilia Fitriana Dewi ◽  
Subiakto Sukarno ◽  
Isti Raafaldini Mirzanti
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study is to analyze the functions and authority of the director of limited liability company in applying business judgment principles, by taking comparative law studies in Singapore's common law and in Indonesia's civil law. By taking emphasis on the authority of directors in representing limited companies both in and out, there are several authorities that are regulated in it. This study was conducted with a comparative law approach, with descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that sometimes directors act outside their authority and can harm a limited liability company. On the other hand, that there are actions of the board of directors that are in accordance with their authority but still harm the limited liability company. In this case, the shareholders often hold accountable. In corporate law there is a principle of business judgment where a director cannot be held accountable if the directors are proven to have good faith. The difference between Singapore law and Indonesian law in regulating the authority of directors is the good faith assessment held by directors.

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