THE CONCEPT OF A TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION COVERING THE ENTIRE WORK ESTABLISHMENT

The presented study concerns the concept of a “trade union organization covering the entire work establishment”. In this study an attempt was made to answer the question whether the term means that the trade union organization must actually conduct activity in each unit of the work establishment in the objective sense, or it is sufficient when, in accordance with the statute or other union resolution defining the subjective scope of its activities, the trade union activity covers the workplace as a whole. The research is based on a dogmatic and legal analysis of Polish law as well as on case-law and legal writing. As a result of the considerations, the Author comes to the conclusion that the status of a work establishment trade union organization is determined by specifying the subjective scope of its activity in its statute or other union resolution. Fears that such a solution to the problem enables the dictatorship of a minority in the workplace can be neutralized by making union rights conditional on the representativeness of a trade union organization also where there is only one such organization in the workplace

The Psychopath Objection to Divine Command Theory

Recently, Erik Wielenberg has developed a novel objection to divine command meta-ethics (DCM). The objection that DCM "has the implausible implication that psychopaths have no moral obligations and hence their evil acts, no matter how evil, are morally permissible". This article criticizes Wielenberg's argument. Section 1 will expound Wielenberg's new "psychopath" argument in the context of the recent debate over the Promulgation Objection. Section 2 will discuss two ambiguities in the argument; in particular, Wielenberg’s formulation is ambiguous between whether Wielenberg uses the word "obligation" in an objective or subjective sense. Section 3 will argue that this ambiguity undercuts the argument. If Wielenberg is using the word obligation in a subjective sense, his arguments do not show that that psychopaths "have no moral obligations". By contrast, if Wielenberg is using the word obligation in an objective sense, his arguments do not show that Divine command theorists are committed to denying psychopaths have obligations.

Tinjauan Hukum Hak Beli Kembali dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Saham di Pasar Modal

A repurchase right agreement is a form of agreement that occurs and is found in people lives, such as residents who can take back their goods that have been sold under certain provisions as set out in article 1519 of the Civil Code. The aim of this research was to determine the legal review of the right to buy back in the share sale and purchase agreement in the capital market. The type of research used is normative with statutory approach. The source of legal material in this research is primary such as positive normative legal theory which stands on the doctrine that law is identical to pure norms in an objective sense free from ideological, ethical, and sociological values. The technique of legal materials used is by reading and quoting by analyzing willing invitations and using small notes taken from books, literature, and other sources related to the issues discussed. The data that has been obtained are then analyzed and analyzed qualitatively. The result shows that the rights and obligations of the parties who sell shares in the capital market must be equal and fair, before the rights and obligations are equal, fair, and implemented, they must first make an agreement. Legal remedies that can be taken if a contract error occurs can be made through external courts (non-litigation) and courts (litigation).

Degrees of becoming on recent Netflix docu-shows: Representations of women in Unbelievable and Mercury 13 vs. The Keepers and The Staircase

Although billed as a ‘crime TV drama’, the Netflix series Unbelievable (2019) is more of a docu-drama. The correspondence between fact and fiction creates a powerful empathic relationship with audiences, the nature of which is comprehensible through how this film, alongside more traditional format documentaries on the online platform, engages ‘the real’ through representing bodies and actions that manifest cinematically in ‘the aesthetics of the frame’. What can be described as the occurrency of these manifestations is found both in a present- and past-oriented description of material facts, whether actual or imagined, and a future-oriented sense of becoming that derives from a relationship that docu-subjects and characters have with potentiality in the progression of the story. Some films describe what people do or have done, while others write docu-subjects and characters as people who have a view to the future. This takes the form of both an objective sense of agency qua freedom and autonomy and a subjective sense of psychodynamic potential formed by representations of their conative orientations towards a future. The sense of possibility that emerges reflects a more nuanced and subjectivized sense of becoming than explained by Ilona Hongisto as constituted by the generation of ‘imagination’, ‘fabulation’ and ‘affection’.

Toward the Design of a Robust Bioterrorism Information System to Enhance National Security

In an objective sense, security measures the absence of threats to acquired values, whereas, in a subjective sense, it refers to the absence of fear that such values will be attacked. Bioterrorism is a threat. Therefore, any threat to the country's vital goals and security components, such as population, land, and property, is a national security threat. Establishing a robust information system is critical for detecting Bioterrorism outbreak, which is considered a threat to national security. Real-time surveillance and monitoring, fast communication, data collection, and analysis at the regional and national level are the main functions of this information system. Early detection of bioterrorism is an important step in national security promotion. If the BIS is appropriately designed based on critical factors such as multidimensional, real-time, manage by the security agency, and have the capability for pattern recognition and detection, it will more effectively manage bioterrorism attacks by relying on its capabilities, features, and technologies. Therefore, this study investigates the features and capabilities of the Bioterrorism Information System (BIS) in national security improvement and promotion.

Toward the Design of a Robust Bioterrorism Information System to Enhance National Security

In an objective sense, security measures the absence of threats to acquired values, whereas, in a subjective sense, it refers to the absence of fear that such values will be attacked. Bioterrorism is a threat. Therefore, any threat to the country's vital goals and security components, such as population, land, and property, is a national security threat. Establishing a robust information system is critical for detecting Bioterrorism outbreak, which is considered a threat to national security. Real-time surveillance and monitoring, fast communication, data collection, and analysis at the regional and national level are the main functions of this information system. Early detection of bioterrorism is an important step in national security promotion. If the BIS is appropriately designed based on critical factors such as multidimensional, real-time, manage by the security agency, and have the capability for pattern recognition and detection, it will more effectively manage bioterrorism attacks by relying on its capabilities, features, and technologies. Therefore, this study investigates the features and capabilities of the Bioterrorism Information System (BIS) in national security improvement and promotion.

Embodiment and Its Influence on Informational Costs of Decision Density—Atomic Actions vs. Scripted Sequences

The importance of embodiment for effective robot performance has been postulated for a long time. Despite this, only relatively recently concrete quantitative models were put forward to characterize the advantages provided by a well-chosen embodiment. We here use one of these models, based on the concept of relevant information, to identify in a minimalistic scenario how and when embodiment affects the decision density. Concretely, we study how embodiment affects information costs when, instead of atomic actions, scripts are introduced, that is, predefined action sequences. Their inclusion can be treated as a straightforward extension of the basic action space. We will demonstrate the effect on informational decision cost of utilizing scripts vs. basic actions using a simple navigation task. Importantly, we will also employ a world with “mislabeled” actions, which we will call a “twisted” world. This is a model which had been used in an earlier study of the influence of embodiment on decision costs. It will turn out that twisted scenarios, as opposed to well-labeled (“embodied”) ones, are significantly more costly in terms of relevant information. This cost is further worsened when the agent is forced to lower the decision density by employing scripts (once a script is triggered, no decisions are taken until the script has run to its end). This adds to our understanding why well-embodied (interpreted in our model as well-labeled) agents should be preferable, in a quantifiable, objective sense.

Autisme als meerduidig en politiek fenomeen: een disability studies perspectief

In clinical practice and research, we often explain what autism is by using several definite and seemingly neutral sentences. However, can we know what autism is in a truly objective sense? Is it moreover justified to put forward persistently the medical-clinical perspective as an explanation? To answer these questions, we first look at the interdisciplinary field of Disability Studies, paying special attention to the concept of neurodiversity. Drawing on that field and its insights, we do not only unravel the multiple meanings of autism, but we also make an argument for an urgent understanding of autism as an ambiguous and political phenomenon. This understanding implies thinking autism in contextual and relational concepts and recognizing the mutability of the phenomenon. Furthermore, by drawing on concrete examples, we demonstrate why an ambiguous and political understanding of autism is urgent, both in individual trajectories as in thinking about early autism detection and intervention. Finally, we conclude our article by arguing for an attitude of epistemic humility. We also offer some suggestions on how to implement ambiguity and political understanding of autism in a clinical and research context.

Kavafis and Mises: Means and End

Mises stated1 that in his theory of human action he starts from the axiom that an individual I1. Mises considers the terms End and Means abstract methodical tools which an individual may use to analyse human action. In other words, Mises does not consider something to be a Means or an End by itself (in an objective sense), but it is an individual who may consider it a Means or an End. A means is what serves to the attainment of any end, goal, or aim. Means are not in the given universe; in this universe there exist only things. A thing becomes a means when human reason plans to employ it for the attainment of some end and human action really employs it for this purpose. Thinking man sees the serviceableness of things, i.e., their ability to minister to his ends, and acting man makes them means. It is of primary im - portance to realize that parts of the external world become means only through the operation of the human mind and its offshoot, human action. External objects are as such only phenomena of the physical universe and the subject matter of the natural scien-ces. It is human meaning and action which transform them into means.2 Moreover, Mises considers the terms End and Means as achronical (out of time) methodical tools. Therefore, an individual I1 may consider an action of his an End and a Means at the «same time».

Memories of Empire

Numerous studies attest to the pride, melancholia, nostalgia, guilt, and shame felt by the French or the British after the loss of their colonies in the twentieth century: such feelings were prompted, in part, by recollections of empires that once existed. National traditions, ceremonies, and archives are frequently built around such memories of the imperial past. But construe the genitive in a subjective rather than an objective sense and you grasp a different implication of the term “memories of empire,” and in this meaning, empire itself is said to have memories. What memories does empire have? Empire has a memory of empire. Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the French and British empires all looked back to older empires and recalled them in distinctive ways. These traces and recollections are worth exploring in order to understand how empires affect the lives of those who lived through them or came after.