Design and Development of Human Interface System with 3D Measurement Functions (Concept and Basic Experiments)

In this paper, an intelligent interface system for a wheelchair robot with an arm is described. The human interface system is comprised of an interface device and a signal processing module. An original idea of the authors, the interface device, which is a combination of a joystick, a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD), and a CCD camera, can realize threedimensional measurement in addition to performing the basic functions of a joystick. A principle for measuring three-dimensional positions and a method of presenting information by means of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to verify and understand the instructions are proposed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the intelligent operating system, a basic experiment is done.

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Space Interface Device for Artificial Reality – SPIDAR –

Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics ◽

10.20965/jrm.1997.p0177 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 177-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Makoto Sato ◽

◽

Yukihiro Hirata ◽

Hiroshi Kawarada

Keyword(s):

Virtual Work ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Computer Processing ◽

Work Space ◽

Three Dimensional Objects ◽

Human Interface ◽

Output Device ◽

Shape Models ◽

End Effectors ◽

Interface Device

In order to realize a human interface for the efficient modeling of three-dimensional shapes over the computer, it is necessary to create an environment in which shape models can be manipulated in the same way as their actual three-dimensional objects. Such an environment is called a virtual work space. In case that a human manipulates an object with his or her own hands, that person unconsciously uses the sensations, such as those of sight, touch, and force. In order to compose a virtual work space, it is important that information on such sensations be given comprehensively to a human. Moreover, it is necessary that all this information be generated artificially through computer processing. On the basis of these observations, the present paper newly proposes a space interface device SPIDAR as an input/output device necessary for composing a virtual work space. This device can not only obtain information on the positions of end-effectors but also provide information concerning the sensation of force to the end-effectors. Furthermore, an experiment is carried out for investigating the effect of information concerning the sensation of force on the direct manipulability of three-dimensional shapes in this virtual work space, and its effectiveness is verified.

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A Transparent Anode Array Detector for 3d Atom Probes

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927600020523 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (S2) ◽

pp. 80-81

Author(s):

M. K. Miller

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Atom Probe ◽

Single Atom ◽

Array Detector ◽

Detector Position ◽

Spatial Coordinates ◽

Position Sensitive ◽

Position Sensitive Detectors ◽

The Impact

In a three dimensional atom probe, the identity and spatial coordinates of the atoms field evaporated from the specimen are determined. Their identity is calculated from the flight time from the specimen to the single atom detector. The x and y coordinates of the atom in the specimen are determined from the coordinates of its impact position on the position-sensitive detector and the z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. These data may then be reconstructed to visualize and quantify the distribution of all the elements in the specimen. Several types of position-sensitive detectors have been used including a wedge-and-strip detector (position-sensitive atom probe), a 10 by 10 array of anodes (tomographic atom probe), and a gateable CCD camera (optical atom probe). The wedge-and strip and the CCD camera detectors both suffer from the limitation that if more than one atom strikes the detector on a field evaporation pulse then the impact positions cannot be determined in many cases.

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High-speed brightfield 3-D imaging and 3-D image analysis of thick and overlapped cell clusters in cytological preparations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100168827 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 218-219

Author(s):

Robert W. Mackin

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

High Speed ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Image Data ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Array Processor ◽

Vaginal Smears ◽

Low Contrast ◽

Computer Controlled

This paper presents two advances towards the automated three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of thick and heavily-overlapped regions in cytological preparations such as cervical/vaginal smears. First, a high speed 3-D brightfield microscope has been developed, allowing the acquisition of image data at speeds approaching 30 optical slices per second. Second, algorithms have been developed to detect and segment nuclei in spite of the extremely high image variability and low contrast typical of such regions. The analysis of such regions is inherently a 3-D problem that cannot be solved reliably with conventional 2-D imaging and image analysis methods.High-Speed 3-D imaging of the specimen is accomplished by moving the specimen axially relative to the objective lens of a standard microscope (Zeiss) at a speed of 30 steps per second, where the stepsize is adjustable from 0.2 - 5μm. The specimen is mounted on a computer-controlled, piezoelectric microstage (Burleigh PZS-100, 68/μm displacement). At each step, an optical slice is acquired using a CCD camera (SONY XC-11/71 IP, Dalsa CA-D1-0256, and CA-D2-0512 have been used) connected to a 4-node array processor system based on the Intel i860 chip.

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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Micro-Structures with Two-Photon Absorption by Femtosecond Laser

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.568 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 532-533 ◽

pp. 568-571

Author(s):

Ming Zhou ◽

Hai Feng Yang ◽

Li Peng Liu ◽

Lan Cai

Keyword(s):

Photonic Crystal ◽

Femtosecond Laser ◽

Detection System ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Photon Absorption ◽

Micro Fabrication ◽

Two Photon Absorption ◽

Two Photon ◽

Photo Polymerization ◽

System A

The photo-polymerization induced by Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) is tightly confined in the focus because the efficiency of TPA is proportional to the square of intensity. Three-dimensional (3D) micro-fabrication can be achieved by controlling the movement of the focus. Based on this theory, a system for 3D-micro-fabrication with femtosecond laser is proposed. The system consists of a laser system, a microscope system, a real-time detection system and a 3D-movement system, etc. The precision of micro-machining reaches a level down to 700nm linewidth. The line width was inversely proportional to the fabrication speed, but proportional to laser power and NA. The experiment results were simulated, beam waist of 0.413μm and TPA cross section of 2×10-54cm4s was obtained. While we tried to optimize parameters, we also did some research about its applications. With TPA photo-polymerization by means of our experimental system, 3D photonic crystal of wood-pile structure twelve layers and photonic crystal fiber are manufactured. These results proved that the micro-fabrication system of TPA can not only obtain the resolution down to sub-micron level, but also realize real 3D micro-fabrication.

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Monitoring Methods of Multiple Robots using Communication for Human Interface System.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series C ◽

10.1299/kikaic.62.3759 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 62 (602) ◽

pp. 3759-3765

Author(s):

Tsuyoshi SUZUKI ◽

Kazutaka YOKOTA ◽

Hajime ASAMA ◽

Hayato KAETSU ◽

Isao ENDO

Keyword(s):

Multiple Robots ◽

Monitoring Methods ◽

Human Interface ◽

Interface System

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Residual stress determination in surface treated alumina samples applying beam limiting masks

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1154/1.3133147 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. S77-S81 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thorsten Manns ◽

André Rothkirch ◽

Berthold Scholtes

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Material Properties ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Sample Surface ◽

Real Space ◽

Experimental Setup ◽

Stress Determination ◽

Small Gauge ◽

Position Sensitive ◽

To Receive

This paper deals with the implementation of a theoretically described method to determine residual stresses in real space directly by means of small gauge volumes. For this purpose, beam limiting masks were designed, manufactured, and investigated in first experiments. Image series taken with a position sensitive CCD camera demonstrate the ability to detect interferences from gauge volumes beneath the sample surface by defined slit geometries. The experiments show that due to the highly absorbing masks the amount of detectable photons is poor, and thus long exposure times are necessary to receive suitable data. For increasing measurement depths (altering masks) a decrease in the intensity can be detected which leads to the assumption that the diffracted photons originate from deeper regions in the material. A model was developed to simulate the diffraction conditions with different mask layouts and material properties. Modeling yields consistent results with experimental data, and thus provides a basis for further improvements of the experimental setup and the realization and assessment of residual stress measurements.

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Three-dimensional tomographically reconstructed optical emission profiles of Hall thruster plasmas

Plasma Sources Science and Technology ◽

10.1088/1361-6595/ac43c3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

jinwoo kim ◽

Dongho Lee ◽

Guentae Doh ◽

Sanghoo Park ◽

Holak Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiative Decay ◽

Tomographic Reconstruction ◽

Gaussian White Noise ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Diagnostic System ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Hall Thruster ◽

Plume Region ◽

Reconstruction Performance

Abstract A diagnostic system was developed for spectrally resolved, three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of Hall thruster plasmas, and local intensity profiles of Xe I and Xe II emissions were reconstructed. In this diagnostic system, 28 virtual cameras were generated using a single, fixed charge-coupled device (CCD) camera by rotating the Hall thruster to form a sufficient number of lines of sight. The Phillips-Tikhonov regularization algorithm was used to reconstruct local emission profiles from the line-integrated emission signals. The reconstruction performance was evaluated using both azimuthally symmetric and asymmetric synthetic phantom images including 5% Gaussian white noise, which resulted in a root-mean-square error of the reconstruction within an order of 10-3 even for a 1% difference in the azimuthal intensity distribution. Using the developed system, three-dimensional local profiles of Xe II emission (541.9 nm) from radiative decay of the excited state 5p4(3P2)6p2[3]˚5/2 and Xe I emission (881.9 nm) from 5p5(2P˚3/2)6p2[5/2]3 were obtained, and two different shapes were found depending on the wavelength and the distance from the thruster exit plane. In particular, a stretched central jet structure was distinctively observed in the Xe II emission profile beyond 10 mm from the thruster exit, while gradual broadening was found in the Xe I emission. Approximately 10% azimuthal nonuniformities were observed in the local Xe I and Xe II intensity profiles in the near-plume region (< 10 mm), which could not be quantitatively distinguished by analysis of the frontal photographic image. Three-dimensional Xe I and Xe II intensity profiles were also obtained in the plume region, and the differences in the structures of both emissions were visually confirmed.

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