A System to Evaluate Prime Farmland Reclamation Success Based on Spatial Soil Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Dustin L. Corr ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Prime Farmland ◽  
Resources Conservation

Abstract. Scholars, governmental agencies, and concerned citizens are interested in developing empirical predictive models to quantitatively assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils (neo- sols). This research presents equations for a northern Michigan mining region in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, based on data derived from the National Resources Conservation Service. We employed principal component analysis to develop models to predict the vegetative productivity of corn, corn silage, oats, alfalfa/hay, Irish potatoes, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aniton), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). Soil attributes that were examined in this research include: available water holding capacity, moist bulk density, % clay, % rock fragments, hydraulic conductivity, % organic matter, soil reactivity, % slope, and topographic position. Four predictive equations based on landscape topography have been developed and are described as an all-mesic woody plant and crop equation, a xeric equation, an equation specific to jack pine, and a wet environment equation. The models were highly significant (p<0.0001) and explained 87.93%, 74.52%, 65.33%, and 87.68% of the variation in site productivity of the respective landscape setting. These equations are intended to assist in efforts to assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils on post-mined landscapes and other disturbed landscapes.

scholarly journals Growth of planted jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and natural regeneration ten years after pre- and post-harvest spraying and partial cutting in an Ontario boreal mixedwood forest

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (01) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
G. Blake MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Broadleaf Species

The conventional plantation approach to regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana) after harvesting maximizes pine growth but may reduce wood quality. In this study we examined growth of planted jack pine and natural regeneration after herbicide spraying and partial cutting treatments on a boreal mixedwood site in northeastern Ontario. Treatments were pre-harvest aerial spray, post-harvest ground spray in strips (partial spray), partial cut, and post-harvest aerial broadcast spray; an untreated reference stand was used for comparison. Pre-harvest spray was as effective as partial cutting and post-harvest broadcast spray in suppressing trembling aspen regeneration and providing adequate light for survival and growth of planted jack pine. Ten years after planting, mortality and growth of pines in the pre-harvest treatment were comparable to those in the partial and broadcast spray treatments. Due to vigorous growth of broadleaf species [mostly red maple; (Acer rubrum)], and shade from the residual overstory, jack pine was smallest in the partial cut treatment; however, based on branch size, branch-free stem length and stem taper, wood quality was highest in this treatment. Considering factors important to forest managers such as growth and quality of planted jack pine, treatment costs, and proportion of the harvested blocks allocated to conifer production, the preferred treatment was pre-harvest spray.

Early effects of pre- and post-harvest herbicide application and partial cutting in regenerating aspen – jack pine mixtures in northeastern Ontario

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
James A. Rice ◽  
G. Blake MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Post Harvest

Silvicultural options to obtain mixtures of broadleaved and conifer tree species in boreal forests remain limited, especially for mixtures of broadleaves and shade-intolerant conifers. In this study, we tested a series of treatment packages that included variation in harvesting pattern, site preparation, renewal treatments, and timing and patterns of tending to establish trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) mixedwoods in intimate mixtures or spatial mosaics in northeastern Ontario. Preharvest spray resulted in fewer but better growth of aspen suckers compared with postharvest spray, which both reduced sucker density and decreased their vigour. Partial cutting reduced aspen regeneration in both the harvested and leave corridors but did not affect other broadleaved species, in this case predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.). After treatment, the rapid development of understory vegetation (shrubs, herbs, and grasses) and regeneration reduced total light transmittance at 0.5 m but had no effect at 4.0 m after 5 years. Future stands will be jack pine dominated following both pre- and post-harvest sprays, despite higher density, more uniform distribution, and better growth of broadleaved regeneration with preharvest spray, but will be balanced broadleaf and conifer mixtures in the partial cut areas.

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and lodgepole pine needles during dehardening

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Late Winter

Conifer winter damage results primarily from loss of cold hardiness during unseasonably warm days in late winter and early spring, and such damage may increase in frequency and severity under a warming climate. In this study, the dehardening dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined in relation to thermal accumulation during artificial dehardening in winter (December) and spring (March) using relative electrolyte leakage and visual assessment of pine needles and spruce shoots. Results indicated that all four species dehardened at a similar rate and to a similar extent, despite considerably different thermal accumulation requirements. Spring dehardening was comparatively faster, with black spruce slightly hardier than the other conifers at the late stage of spring dehardening. The difference, however, was relatively small and did not afford black spruce significant protection during seedling freezing tests prior to budbreak in late March and early May. The dehardening curves and models developed in this study may serve as a tool to predict cold hardiness by temperature and to understand the potential risks of conifer cold injury during warming–freezing events prior to budbreak.

scholarly journals Taper Equations for Five Major Commercial Tree Species in Manitoba, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Klos ◽  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang ◽  
Ed W. East
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Taper Equation ◽  
Taper Equations

Abstract Kozak's variable exponent taper equation was fitted for balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Manitoba. Stem taper variability between two ecozones (i.e., Boreal Shield and Boreal Plains) were tested using the F-test. Regional differences were observed for trembling aspen, white spruce, and jack pine, and for those species, separate ecozone-specific taper equations were developed. However, the gross total volume estimates using the ecozone-specific equations were different from those of the provincial equations by only 2 percent. Although the regional difference in stem form was marginal within a province, a difference of approximately 7 percent of gross total volume estimation was found when our provincial taper equations were compared with those developed in Alberta and Saskatchewan. These results suggest that stem form variation increases with spatial scale and that a single taper equation for each species may be sufficient for each province.

Short-term effects of cut-to-length versus full-tree harvesting on conifer regeneration in jack pine, mixedwood, and black spruce forests in Manitoba

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1938-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel Waters ◽  
Steven W Kembel ◽  
Jean-François Gingras ◽  
Jennifer M Shay
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
The Impact

This study compares the effects of full-tree versus cut-to-length forest harvesting methods on tree regeneration in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), mixedwood (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss – Populus tremuloides Michx. – Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) sites in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. We surveyed tree regeneration densities, disturbance characteristics, and understorey vegetation in replicated control and harvested plots in each site type preharvest (1993) and 1 and 3 years postharvest (1994, 1996). In jack pine sites, the full-tree harvest method promoted regeneration of Pinus banksiana through increased disturbance of soil and the moss layer, and decreased slash deposition relative to the cut-to-length method. Conversely, in mixedwood sites the cut-to-length method resulted in less damage to advance regeneration and proved better at promoting postharvest regeneration of Abies balsamea and Picea glauca relative to the full-tree method. In black spruce sites, there were few differences in the impact of the two harvesting methods on regeneration of Picea mariana, which increased in frequency and density after both types of harvesting.

Computed tomography (CT) scanning of internal log attributes prior to sawing increases lumber value in white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1516-1524
Author(s):  
Denis Belley ◽  
Isabelle Duchesne ◽  
Steve Vallerand ◽  
Julie Barrette ◽  
Michel Beaudoin
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Manufacturing Efficiency

The increased pressure on timber supply due to a reduced forest land base urges the development of new approaches to fully capture the value of forest products. This paper investigates the effects of knowing the position of knots on lumber volume, value, and grade recoveries in curve sawing of 31 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and 22 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees. Internal knot position was evidenced by X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, followed by the application of a knot-detection algorithm allowing log reconstruction for use as input in the Optitek sawing simulation software. Comparisons of the three levels of sawing optimization (sweep up, shape optimized, and knot optimized) revealed that considering internal knots before log sawing (e.g., knot optimized) generated 23% more lumber value for jack pine and 15% more for white spruce compared with the traditional sweep-up sawing strategy. In terms of lumber quality, the knot-optimized strategy produced 38% more pieces of grade No. 2 and better in jack pine and 15% more such pieces in white spruce compared with the sweep-up strategy. These results indicate a great potential to increase manufacturing efficiency and profitability by implementing the CT scanning technology, which should aid in developing a strong bioeconomy based on an optimized use of wood.

Carbohydrate accumulation and turgor maintenance in seedling shoots and roots of two boreal conifers subjected to water stress

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2522-2528 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Koppenaal ◽  
T. J. Tschaplinski ◽  
S. J. Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Turgor Loss Point

Water potential components and organic solutes were examined in shoots and roots of potted jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings after exposure to 7 days of water stress. The osmotic potential at the turgor loss point (ψπTLP) decreased in shoots and roots of water-stressed seedlings of both species, resulting in the maintenance of positive turgor at lower xylem water potentials (ψX) compared with nonstressed seedlings. Following water stress, ψπTLP of shoots and roots declined by 0.28 MPa and 0.14 MPa, respectively, in jack pine, and 0.19 MPa and 0.28 MPa, respectively, in white spruce. The osmotic potential at saturation (ψπ100) was significantly lower after water stress only in jack pine roots. Active osmotic adjustment during water stress was confirmed by higher concentrations of organic solutes in white spruce shoots (1.4 × increase relative to nonstressed plants) and roots (1.7 ×) and in the roots (2.2 ×) but not the shoots of jack pine. Carbohydrates, particularly fructose and glucose, were the primary organic solutes accumulating in both species. Tissue elasticity was greater in the roots than the shoots of both jack pine and white spruce regardless of treatment. Consequently, the relative water content at the turgor loss point was 22% and 18% lower in the roots than in the shoots of jack pine and white spruce, respectively. Osmotic adjustment in the roots and shoots of these two boreal conifers suggests that preconditioning planting stock by exposure to water stress may increase carbohydrate concentrations and enhance seedling drought tolerance. Key words: carbohydrate accumulation, drought tolerance, organic solutes, osmotic adjustment, Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, water potential components.

Efficacy of Pinosylvins against White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Celimene ◽  
Jessie A. Micales ◽  
Leslie Ferge ◽  
Raymond A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Agar Media

Summary Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did not correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine). It appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi.

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