Relative Risk Ratio on the Frailty Prevalence among Korean Elderly Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Woo-Kyung Kim ◽  
Jeong-Eun Kim ◽  
Tae-Sang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Korean Elderly

Efficacité du pré-signalement d'arrêt scolaire avec feux jaunes et avec feux de détresse

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Jean-François Bruneau ◽  
Denis Morin ◽  
Marcel Pouliot
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
School Bus ◽  
School Buses ◽  
Light System ◽  
Yellow Lights

The pre-stop warning is activated by the bus drivers to warn motorists that the school bus will soon stop, requiring all vehicles to stop. On buses equipped with an eight-light system, four yellow flashing lights, located near the roof, precede the four red flashing lights activated with the stop-arm. In Québec, where pre-stop warning is not required, it is permitted to use the "hazard lights" as a pre-stop signal, when the school bus has red lights only. This study rates the relative effectiveness of the two systems, in fall and spring time. Advance signal lights are tested on the same routes : two- and four-lane rural or near urban highways, with high posted speeds (70 km/h and over). A video camera is aimed at oncoming traffic along with a radar antenna. Changes in drivers' speeds are studied with a relative risk ratio and an efficiency index, validated through expected frequencies. The eight-light system reduced significantly the rate of illegal passing and the overall speed during advance signal. The eight-light system was more effective than the hazard lights for all tested parameters, including visibility, traffic, weather, and season. The near-roof position of the yellow lights probably explains the gap between the two systems.Key words: advance signalling device, pre-stop warning, eight-light system, amber lights, hazard lights, school buses, illegal passing, speed, relative risk ratio, road safety, rural area.

scholarly journals Multiple Social Vulnerabilities to Health Disparities and Hypertension and Death in the REGARDS Study

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan B. King ◽  
Laura C. Pinheiro ◽  
Joanna Bryan Ringel ◽  
Adam P. Bress ◽  
Daichi Shimbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Regards Study ◽  
Social Vulnerabilities

Social vulnerabilities increase the risk of developing hypertension and lower life expectancy, but the effect of an individual’s overall vulnerability burden is unknown. Our objective was to determine the association of social vulnerability count and the risk of developing hypertension or dying over 10 years and whether these associations vary by race. We used the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) and included participants without baseline hypertension. The primary exposure was the count of social vulnerabilities defined across economic, education, health and health care, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context domains. Among 5425 participants of mean age 64±10 SD years of which 24% were Black participants, 1468 (31%) had 1 vulnerability and 717 (15%) had ≥2 vulnerabilities. Compared with participants without vulnerabilities, the adjusted relative risk ratio for developing hypertension was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.99–1.36) and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.20–1.85) for individuals with 1 and ≥2 vulnerabilities, respectively. The adjusted relative risk ratio for death was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.24–1.93) and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.75–3.04) for individuals with 1 and ≥2 vulnerabilities, respectively. A greater proportion of Black participants developed hypertension and died than did White participants (hypertension, 38% versus 31%; death, 25% versus 20%). The vulnerability count association was strongest in White participants ( P value for vulnerability count×race interaction: hypertension=0.046, death=0.015). Overall, a greater number of socially determined vulnerabilities was associated with progressively higher risk of developing hypertension, and an even higher risk of dying over 10 years.

Determinants of unintended pregnancies among nursing mothers in southwest Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Adebukunola Olajumoke Afolabi ◽  
Adenike Ayobola Olaogun ◽  
Kolade Afolayan Afolabi ◽  
Esther Kikelomo Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Pregnancy Intentions ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

Background/aims Studies have identified risks for unintended pregnancies, globally and in Nigeria, which include ineffective contraception, strong opposition to family planning by partners, number of living children and birth interval. These factors have contributed to the increasing rate of unintended pregnancy and the high rate of induced abortion, with associated consequences such as obstetric haemorrhage, infection and increased maternal morbidity and mortality. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the influence of culture and religion on pregnancy intentions. This study aimed to examine the influence of culture, religion, sociodemographic characteristics, and reproductive characteristics on nursing mothers' perception of unintended pregnancy in southwest Nigeria. Methods This study used a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach, with both quantitative and qualitative elements. A conceptual hierarchical model was used to analyse the influence of three levels of characteristics (sociodemographic, religious and cultural, reproductive) on unintended pregnancy in southwest Nigeria. A total of 400 nursing mothers attending either a postnatal, immunisation, infant welfare or under-five clinic were selected via multistage sampling from primary healthcare centres. Quantitative data were collected from these participants using a semi-structured questionnaire, administered by a researcher. These data were analysed using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. First, they were analysed with either a chi-squared or Fisher exact test, then subjected to a regression model analysis. Qualitative data were collected and subjected to content analysis via focus group discussions with a total of 32 purposively selected participants. Results Approximately 36.5% participants reported their index pregnancy as being unintended. With regression analysis, age (25–34 years: relative risk ratio=0.42, P=0.02; 35–44 years: relative risk ratio=0.21, P=0.003), parity (relative risk ratio=10.38, P<0.00), ethnicity (relative risk ratio=0.13, P=0.002) and religion (relative risk ratio=0.26, P=0.048) were found to be significant risk factors for unintended pregnancy. Conclusions Age, parity, ethnicity and religion were the main determinants of unintended pregnancies. Intervention programmes should therefore be aware of these variables and address myths and misconceptions about pregnancy intentions.

Odds ratio—two properties rarely mentioned

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Steve Selvin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Military Women ◽  
Statistical Techniques

Two often confused statistical techniques are the odds ratio and relative risk ratio. These basic statistics are discussed and illustrated by contrasting risks from an analysis of breast cancer incidence among military women who served in Vietnam.

Relative-risk ratio was a useful measure of differential association in cohort and case-series studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Hocine ◽  
P. Tubert-Bitter ◽  
T. Moreau ◽  
M. Chavance ◽  
E. Varon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Differential Association ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio

scholarly journals Disparities and relative risk ratio of preterm birth in six Central and Eastern European centers

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chander P Arora ◽  
Marian Kacerovsky ◽  
Balazs Zinner ◽  
Tibor Ertl ◽  
Iuliana Ceausu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Eastern European

scholarly journals Incidence of Recurrent Exertional Heat Stroke in a Warm-Weather Road Race

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Stearns ◽  
Yuri Hosokawa ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
Luke N. Belval ◽  
Robert A. Huggins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exertional Heat Stroke ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Road Race

Background and Objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) survivors may be more susceptible to subsequent EHS; however, the occurrence of survivors with subsequent EHS episodes is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of participants with repeated EHS (EHS-2+) cases in a warm-weather road race across participation years compared to those who experienced 1 EHS (EHS-1). Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational case series design was utilized. Medical record data from 17-years at the Falmouth Road Race between 2003–2019 were examined for EHS cases. Incidence of EHS-2+ cases per race and average EHS cases per EHS-2+ participant were calculated (mean ± SD) and descriptive factors (rectal temperature (TRE), finish time (FT), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), age, race year) for each EHS was collected. Results: A total of 333 EHS patients from 174,853 finishers were identified. Sixteen EHS-2+ participants (11 males, 5 females, age = 39 ± 16 year) accounted for 11% of the total EHS cases (n = 37/333). EHS-2+ participants had an average of 2.3 EHS cases per person (range = 2–4) and had an incidence rate of 2.6 EHS per 10 races. EHS-2+ participants finished 93 races following initial EHS, with 72 of the races (77%) completed without EHS incident. Initial EHS TRE was not statistically different than subsequent EHS initial TRE (+0.3 ± 0.9 °C, p > 0.050). Initial EHS-2+ participant FT was not statistically different than subsequent EHS FT (−4.2 ± 7.0 min, p > 0.050). The years between first and second EHS was 3.6 ± 3.5 year (Mode: 1, Range: 1–12). Relative risk ratios revealed that EHS patients were at a significantly elevated risk for subsequent EHS episodes 2 years following their initial EHS (relative risk ratio = 3.32, p = 0.050); however, the risk from 3–5 years post initial EHS was not statistically elevated, though the relative risk ratio values remained above 1.26. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that 11% of all EHS cases at the Falmouth Road Race are EHS-2+ cases and that future risk for a second EHS episode at this race is most likely to occur within the first 2 years following the initial EHS incident. After this initial 2-year period, risk for another EHS episode is not significantly elevated. Future research should examine factors to explain individuals who are susceptible to multiple EHS cases, incidence at other races and corresponding prevention strategies both before and after initial EHS.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic and new clinical trial activations

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Unger ◽  
Hong Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe disruptions in care for many patients. A key question is whether the landscape of clinical research has also changed. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, we examined the association of the COVID-19 outbreak with new clinical trial activations. Trial data for all interventional and observational oncology, cardiovascular, and mental health studies from January 2015 through September 2020 were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov. An interrupted time-series analysis with Poisson regression was used. Results We examined 62,252 trial activations. During the initial COVID-19 outbreak (February 2020 through May 2020), model-estimated monthly trial activations for US-based studies were only 57% of the expected estimate had the pandemic not occurred (relative risk = 0.57, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.61, p < .001). For non-US-based studies, the impact of the pandemic was less dramatic (relative risk = 0.77, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.82, p < .001), resulting in an overall 27% reduction in the relative risk of new trial activations for US-based trials compared to non-US-based trials (relative risk ratio = 0.73, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.81, p < .001). Although a rebound occurred in the initial reopening phase (June 2020 through September 2020), the rebound was weaker for US-based studies compared to non-US-based studies (relative risk ratio = 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95, p < .001). Conclusions These findings are consistent with the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths during the initial phase of the pandemic in the USA. Reduced activation of cancer clinical trials will likely slow the pace of clinical research and new drug discovery, with long-term negative consequences for cancer patients. An important question is whether the renewed outbreak period of winter 2020/2021 will have a similarly negative impact on the initiation of new clinical research studies for non-COVID-19 diseases.

scholarly journals Levels of Evidence Supporting the North American and European Perioperative Care Guidelines for Anesthesiologists between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Laserna ◽  
Daniel A. Rubinger ◽  
Julian E. Barahona-Correa ◽  
Noah Wright ◽  
Mark R. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Levels Of Evidence ◽  
Versus Level

Background Although there are thousands of published recommendations in anesthesiology clinical practice guidelines, the extent to which these are supported by high levels of evidence is not known. This study hypothesized that most recommendations in clinical practice guidelines are supported by a low level of evidence. Methods A registered (Prospero CRD42020202932) systematic review was conducted of anesthesia evidence-based recommendations from the major North American and European anesthesiology societies between January 2010 and September 2020 in PubMed and EMBASE. The level of evidence A, B, or C and the strength of recommendation (strong or weak) for each recommendation was mapped using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification system or the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The outcome of interest was the proportion of recommendations supported by levels of evidence A, B, and C. Changes in the level of evidence over time were examined. Risk of bias was assessed using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II. Results In total, 60 guidelines comprising 2,280 recommendations were reviewed. Level of evidence A supported 16% (363 of 2,280) of total recommendations and 19% (288 of 1,506) of strong recommendations. Level of evidence C supported 51% (1,160 of 2,280) of all recommendations and 50% (756 of 1,506) of strong recommendations. Of all the guidelines, 73% (44 of 60) had a low risk of bias. The proportion of recommendations supported by level of evidence A versus level of evidence C (relative risk ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.18 to 4.74; P = 0.933) or level of evidence B versus level of evidence C (relative risk ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.72 to 3.72; P = 0.243) did not increase in guidelines that were revised. Year of publication was also not associated with increases in the proportion of recommendations supported by level of evidence A (relative risk ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.23; P = 0.340) or level of evidence B (relative risk ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.15; P = 0.283) compared to level of evidence C. Conclusions Half of the recommendations in anesthesiology clinical practice guidelines are based on a low level of evidence, and this did not change over time. These findings highlight the need for additional efforts to increase the quality of evidence used to guide decision-making in anesthesiology. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

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