differential association
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2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Remi Aldi ◽  
Abdul Munir

Abuse of Aditusine cough medicine by adolescents in Belilas Village, Kec. Seberida, Kab. Inhu (Riau), as a social phenomenon that grows in the midst of people's lives. By using the Differential Association theory approach and Techniques of Neutralization as an analytical knife and a qualitative approach as the method, this research finds a conclusion; there has been a shift in the use of drugs from previously illegal drugs (shabu, marijuana, etc.) to legal drugs (Aditusine cough medicine), as a way to avoid prosecution from both a legal and social perspective.


2021 ◽  
pp. 263380762110348
Author(s):  
Adrian Cherney ◽  
Idhamsyah E Putra ◽  
Vici Sofianna Putera ◽  
Fajar Erikha ◽  
Muhammad Faisal Magrie

Research shows there is variability in factors that cause a person to radicalize to violent extremism. The use of the push/pull distinction has been one way in which scholars have aimed to provide clarity to the process of radicalization and extremist disengagement. However, it remains a conceptually underdeveloped distinction. In this paper, we draw on aspects of criminological theory to better understand the push and pull distinction. The paper draws on research comprising interviews with three Indonesians and two Australian individuals who have radicalized to violent extremism that is aligned with jihadist ideologies. Based on this primary data, case descriptions and narratives are provided on each individual examining pathways into and away from violent extremism. We draw on aspects of strain theory, social control, differential association, and desistance theory to understand common patterns across each case and to highlight the relative influence of various push and pull factors. Implications for theory and policy are highlighted. We also acknowledge limitations in our approach.


Author(s):  
David Leander Rimmele ◽  
Katrin Borof ◽  
Jan-Per Wenzel ◽  
Märit Jensen ◽  
Christian-A. Behrendt ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Lina Alzouabi

This study reads Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist and Great Expectations as crime novels by applying Sutherland's theory of "differential association" which postulates that criminal behavior is learned rather than inherited, and it is learned through interaction with other people within intimate personal groups in which one learns techniques and acquires motives for committing crimes. In Oliver Twist, Oliver is portrayed as a victim of the corrupted social environment as well as Monks' conspiracy with Fagin to drag him down to the underworld.; he is raised as an orphan in a workhouse and subjected to mistreatment. Thus, he unknowingly indulges in Fagin's gang and learns the crime of pickpocketing, as all the members of the gang come from a poor background and are taught how to commit crimes within the gang, their intimate social group. Nancy's poverty also compels her to join the gang, which ultimately leads to her death, as criminality is not innate in her personality. Criminality in Oliver's character is not innate either, so he ends up leading a decent life in a healthier environment. Like Fagin, Compeyson in Great Expectations favors the violation of law and has others indulge in the criminal world, thereby exploiting Magwitch and Orlick who turn into criminals. By presenting criminal characters with various motives and from harsh backgrounds, Dickens' fiction suggests that crime behavior has nothing to do with heredity. Rather, criminal characters are implicated in crimes as a result of the corrupted social environment forced on them, along with gangs and corrupt people they have to encounter.   


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Anbupalam Thalamuthu ◽  
Karen A. Mather ◽  
John Crawford ◽  
Marina Ulanova ◽  
...  

AbstractLipidomics research could provide insights of pathobiological mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. This study explores a battery of plasma lipids that can differentiate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients from healthy controls and determines whether lipid profiles correlate with genetic risk for AD. AD plasma samples were collected from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS) Sydney, Australia (aged range 75–97 years; 51.2% male). Untargeted lipidomics analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We found that several lipid species from nine lipid classes, particularly sphingomyelins (SMs), cholesterol esters (ChEs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PIs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), and triglycerides (TGs) are dysregulated in AD patients and may help discriminate them from healthy controls. However, when the lipid species were grouped together into lipid subgroups, only the DG group was significantly higher in AD. ChEs, SMs, and TGs resulted in good classification accuracy using the Glmnet algorithm (elastic net penalization for the generalized linear model [glm]) with more than 80% AUC. In general, group lipids and the lipid subclasses LPC and PE had less classification accuracy compared to the other subclasses. We also found significant increases in SMs, PIs, and the LPE/PE ratio in human U251 astroglioma cell lines exposed to pathophysiological concentrations of oligomeric Aβ42. This suggests that oligomeric Aβ42 plays a contributory, if not causal role, in mediating changes in lipid profiles in AD that can be detected in the periphery. In addition, we evaluated the association of plasma lipid profiles with AD-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and polygenic risk scores (PRS) of AD. We found that FERMT2 and MS4A6A showed a significantly differential association with lipids in all lipid classes across disease and control groups. ABCA7 had a differential association with more than half of the DG lipids (52.63%) and PI lipids (57.14%), respectively. Additionally, 43.4% of lipids in the SM class were differentially associated with CLU. More than 30% of lipids in ChE, PE, and TG classes had differential associations with separate genes (ChE-PICALM, SLC24A4, and SORL1; PE-CLU and CR1; TG-BINI) between AD and control group. These data may provide renewed insights into the pathobiology of AD and the feasibility of identifying individuals with greater AD risk.


Author(s):  
Brady D Nelson ◽  
Johanna M Jarcho

Abstract An aberrant neural response to rewards has been linked to both depression and social anxiety. Most studies have focused on the neural response to monetary rewards, and few have tested different modalities of reward (e.g., social) that are more salient to particular forms of psychopathology. In addition, most studies contain critical confounds, including contrasting positive and negative feedback and failing to disentangle being correct from obtaining positive feedback. In the present study, 204 participants underwent electroencephalography during monetary and social feedback tasks that were matched in trial structure, timing, and feedback stimuli. The reward positivity (RewP) was measured in response to correctly identifying stimuli that resulted in monetary win, monetary loss, social like, or social dislike feedback. All monetary and social tasks elicited a RewP, which were positively correlated. Across all tasks, the RewP was negatively associated with depression and positively associated with social anxiety. The RewP to social dislike feedback, independent of monetary and social like feedback, was also associated with social anxiety. The present study suggests that a domain-general neural response to correct feedback demonstrates a differential association with depression and social anxiety, but a domain-specific neural response to social dislike feedback is uniquely associated with social anxiety.


2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Volodymyr HOLOVACH ◽  
Tetiana HOLOVACH

The paper discusses the requirements of International Standards on Auditing (ISA) for the identification and assessment of the distortions of financial statements based on the criminological characteristics of fraud. It is found that ISAs, in considering the management's misconduct by the auditor, propose to be guided by the fraud triangle, which is once developed by the American criminologist Donald Ray Cressy. He is known as researcher of white-collar crime from the standpoint of the theory of differential association. This theory is based on the fact that the individual perceives some values positively, and rejects others. As a result, inappropriate behavior is learned by interacting with other actors through communication. It is during communication the certain motives, which are the result of interpretation of the legislation regarding the determination of favorable or negative circumstances, are formed. Being guided by this approach, the representatives of the differential association theory during the study of misconduct focused on the methods, motives, attitudes, explanations of illegal encroachment, that justify the decisions, as well as the issues of rationalization and improvement of illegal activity. They also noted that differential associations may differ in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. It is established that such fraud assessment is widely used by foreign experts and it received some attention from domestic scientists and practitioners. Instead, its knowledge by auditors is at initial level and doesn't allow to analyze effectively the various fraud risks. In this regard, the need for in-depth study of the fraud's criminological characteristics in the real conditions of economic development of Ukraine is justified. The attention is paid on the significant spread of fraud in Ukraine and the negative impact of such criminal offenses on auditing. The suggestions for improvement of the financial statements audits with taking into account the criminological analysis of misconduct of management staff are made.


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