Discrimination of Nitrogen Sources in Karst Spring Contributing Areas Using a Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model and Wastewater Tracers (Florida, USA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-311
Author(s):  
Andy Canion ◽  
Katherine M. Ransom ◽  
Brian G. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Mixing Model ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Prior Probabilities ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs

ABSTRACT Many springs in Florida have experienced a proliferation of nuisance algae and alteration of trophic structure in response to increases in nitrate concentration concurrent with rapid population growth and land use intensification beginning in the mid-20th century. While loading targets and remediation plans have been developed by state agencies to address excess nitrogen inputs, further confirmation of the relative contribution of nitrogen sources to groundwater is necessary to optimize the use of resources when implementing projects to reduce nitrogen loads. In the present study, stable isotopes of nitrate and wastewater indicators were used to discriminate sources of nitrogen in wells and springs in central Florida. Sampling was performed in 50 wells at 38 sites and at 10 springs with varying levels of agriculture and urban development. Nitrate isotope values were used to develop Bayesian mixing models to estimate the probability distribution of the contributions of nitrate sources in wells. Prior probabilities for the fractional contribution of each source were adjusted based on land use and density of septic tanks. Sucralose and the Cl:Br mass ratio were used as confirmatory indicators of wastewater sources. In residential areas, mixing model results indicated that fertilizer or mixed fertilizer and wastewater (septic tank effluent and reuse water) were the primary sources, with sucralose detections corresponding to wells with elevated contributions from wastewater. Sources of nitrogen in pasture and field crop areas were primarily fertilizer and manure; however, model posterior distributions of δ15N indicated that manure sources may have been overpredicted. The present study demonstrates the utility of a multi-tracer approach to build multiple lines of evidence to develop locally relevant remediation strategies for nitrogen sources in groundwater.

Retention of nitrate and phosphate in soils of the Darling plateau in Western-Australia - Implications for domestic septic-tank systems

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Gerritse ◽  
JA Adeney ◽  
GM Dimmock ◽  
YM Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Soil Adsorption ◽  
Residential Land Use ◽  
Type Of Land Use ◽  
Phosphate Leaching

Streams in mixed rural and residential areas on the Darling Plateau near metropolitan Perth in Western Australia were monitored for nitrate and phosphate. Concentrations of nitrate in streams are proportional to surveyed rates of inputs of nitrogen in water catchments dominated by agricultural land use. In catchments dominated by unsewered residential land use, stream concentrations of nitrate are much lower than expected from rates of input. A comparison of mass balances of inorganic nitrogen and bromide, added as a conservative tracer, indicates that at least 80% of nitrogen leaching from domestic septic tank systems into soils is lost within a distance of 10 m from the leach drain. Concentrations of dissolved phosphate in streams are low (mostly <5 �g/L P-PO4) and are not significantly related to type of land use. Adsorption of phosphate to soils was measured after batch equilibration of soil slurries for periods up to 12 months and the isotherms were described by a time-dependent Freundlich type adsorption equation. Adsorption capacities for phosphate are high and reflect high levels of iron and aluminium oxides in the soils. Soil adsorption data together with data from leaching experiments in small columns of soil were fitted to an empirical equation, describing the effect of flow rate and distance travelled on the mobility of phosphate in a saturated soil. A minimum travel time for a distance of 5 m in these soils of between 1 and 8 years is predicted with this equation for phosphate leaching from a septic tank. Monitoring of ground water near 6-7 year old domestic septic tank systems showed that phosphate had not yet moved beyond 5 m from the leach drain.

Implication of Socio-economic Factors on Land Use and Forest Cover Changes in and Around Magamba Nature Reserve in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Solomon Jeremiah Sembosi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Rural settlements in mountainous regions are a typical process that occurs in many places around the world and have a number of implications on the landscape. Among them is a threat it possesses to the conservation and management of Afromontane ecosystems. This study assessed the socio-economic factors that drive the changes in land use and forest cover and the extent of land use and vegetation cover in and around Magamba Nature Reserve. Focus group discussion, direct field observation and household survey were used to acquire socio-economic information that impacts land use and forest cover. Through the use of Remote Sensing and GIS methods Landsat satellite images of 1995, 2008 and 2015 were employed to identify the extent of the changes in land use and forest cover. The perceived factors for the changes include education level, unemployment, landless/limited, landholding, population pressure, expansion of built-up areas and agricultural land at the expense of other land covers. This study revealed the transformation of natural forest and associated vegetation from one form to another. There was a decrease in natural vegetation from 61.06% in 1995 to 26.02% in 2015 and increase in built-up areas by 6.69% and agricultural areas by 4.70%. This study recommends conservation monitoring and strong law enforcement relating to natural resources so as to promote sustainable use of resources to rescue the diminishing ecosystem services.

Combining dual isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model to quantify the nitrate sources of precipitation in Ningbo, East China

2021 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
pp. 146297
Author(s):  
Yasheng Shi ◽  
Cai Li ◽  
Zanfang Jin ◽  
Yongqi Zhang ◽  
Jiazheng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixing Model ◽  
East China ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model

The Risk of Coal Fires And Land Subsidence in Jharia Coalfields, India, Analysed Using Remote Sensing Techniques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vamshi Karanam ◽  
Shagun Garg ◽  
Mahdi Motagh ◽  
Kamal Jain
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry ◽  
Coal Fire ◽  
Coal Fires

&lt;p&gt;Coal fires, land subsidence, roof collapse, and other life-threatening risks are a predictable phenomenon for the mineworkers and the neighbourhood population in coalfields. Jharia Coalfields in India are suffered heavily from land subsidence and coal fires for over a century. In addition to the loss of precious coal reserves, this has led to severe damage to the environment, livelihood, transportation, and precious lives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Such incidents highlight the dire need for a well-defined methodology for risk analysis for the coalfield. In this study, we regenerated a Land Use Land Cover map prepared using Indian Remote Sensing satellite imagery and ground survey. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry analysis using Sentinel -1 images was carried out to study the land subsidence phenomenon between Nov 2018 and Apr 2019. For the same study period, coal fire zones were identified with Landsat &amp;#8211; 8 thermal band imagery. Integration of coal fire maps, subsidence velocity maps, and land use maps was further implemented in a geographical information background environment to extract the high-risk zones. These high-risk areas include residential areas, railways, and mining sites, requiring immediate attention.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results show that the coal mines are affected by subsidence of up to 20 cm/yr and a temperature anomaly of nearly 20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C is noticed. A high-risk zone of almost 18 sq. km. was demarcated with Kusunda, Gaslitand, and West Mudidih collieries being the most critically affected zones in the Coal mines. The study demonstrates the potential to combine data from multiple satellite sensors to build a safer ecosystem around the coal mines. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Urban morphology as a tool for exploring the land use in residential areas: Example of New Belgrade

Spatium ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Ranka Gajic
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Patterns

The paper presents findings of research about the classification of New Belgrade?s super-blocks using the typomorphology approach and the morphogenetic analysis of urban morphology in relation to land use. The example of New Belgrade is particularly interesting given the fact that the morphological patterns of land use within its superblocks were created during the period of non-market economy in Socialism, and now it is possible to review the effect that the socio-political transition into Capitalism, which started in the 1990s, has had on its land use. As a result, a data base with the typology of residential super-blocks of New Belgrade is created: from the perspective of urban land use there are four main morphological types (with the subtypes) taking into account the morphology of the position of the buildings on the terrain, and traffic (cars-pedestrian) flows. The morphogenetic analysis reveals that after the 1990s there are processes pointing to powerful influence of land policy driven by private interests. Research findings suggest that nowadays there are negative trends of using the land in super-blocks in New Belgrade - e.g. percentage of land occupancy by buildings is getting bigger and almost 100% of the un-built soil in the newly developed super-blocks is covered /paved.

scholarly journals Fourier Landscape Pattern Indices for Predicting South Carolina Watershed Fecal Coliform

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Alvin Spivey ◽  
Anthony Vodacek
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Landscape Pattern ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Decadal Scale

AbstractExtending the Landscape Pattern Metric (LPM) model analysis in Smith et al. (2001) into a LPM decision model, decadal scale prediction of fecal coliform compromised South Carolina watersheds is developed. The model’s parameter variability identifies the greatest contributors to a compromised watershed’s prediction. The complete set of model parameters include Land Cover Land Use (LCLU) & slope,along stream proportion, Fourier Metric of Fragmentation (FMF), Fourier Metric of Proportion (FMP), and Least Squares Fourier Transform Fractal Dimension (LsFT). The 1992 National Land Cover Data (NLCD) Land Cover Land Use (LCLU) within fecal coliform compromised watersheds is used to train the model parameters, and the 2001 NLCD LCLU is used to test the LPM model. The most significant model parameters arealong stream bare rock LsFT,FMF between urban/recreational grasses and evergreen forests, andFMF between deciduous forests and high density residential areas. These metrics contribute significantly more than the bestproportiondescriptor:proportion of urban/recreational grasses. In training, the proposed model correctly identified 92 % of the compromised watersheds; while the Smith et al. (2001) model 94 % of the compromised watersheds were correctly identified. This study reveals the ability of Fourier metrics to interpret ecological processes, and the need for more appropriate landscape level models.

scholarly journals Land use changes in the hinterland of major Slovak cities

Geografie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Šveda ◽  
Daniela Vigašová
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Shopping Centres ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Land Types

The countryside around major Slovak cities is undergoing significant transformation. The construction of shopping centres, administrative buildings, logistical sites, residential areas and changes in the agricultural use of land are causing vast changes in land use (land cover). The objective of this paper is to examine changes in the spatial structure of land use in the hinterland of 11 Slovak cities, with more than 50 thousand inhabitants, during the period from 2000 to 2008. On the basis of a detailed comparison of data obtained from the Aggregated Areas of Land Types database (Úhrnné hodnoty druhov pozemkov) we analyzed changes in land use in 847 municipalities within the Functional Urban Regions of Bratislava, Košice, Prešov, Nitra, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Trnava, Trenčín, Poprad and Prievidza. The results of the research confirmed significantly differentiated changes in land use. Whereas in the capital of Bratislava changes in land use are primarily caused by suburbanization, creating a relatively compact suburban zone, changes in land use were recorded only in selected sites in the rest of these major Slovak cities.

scholarly journals Impacts of Urban Sprawl on Livability in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 334-343
Author(s):  
Nuhu H. Tini ◽  
Bartholomew Joshua Light
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The City

Urban sprawl is a global phenomenon in the contemporary era. It is mostly taking place in the less developed countries due to natural increase and consistent movement of people into the mega cities and large urban centers. The phenomenon has globally gained attention from diverse researchers in the field of urban geography, environmental studies, city and region planning in view of its significant influence on the urban environment. However, the effect of sprawl on urban livability and economy in Nigerian cities is scarcely investigated especially in Northern Nigeria. This research explores the social and economic effects of urban sprawl in Kaduna metropolis. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) Technologies were applied for the analysis. The study found that Kaduna metropolis has experienced a progressive increase in the built-up area; in 2006 it had an aerial coverage of 13,980 hectares, a rise of 107.91% from 2001 aerial coverage of 6724 hectares. In 2012, the city had an aerial coverage of 15,808 hectares, an increase of 13.08% from 2006. Conversely, there has been a remarkable decrease in percentage of vegetation (1,458 hectares) and agricultural (11,739 hectares) land areas. In turn, such changes has adversely affected urban facilities or utilities such as pipe-borne water, electricity, health facilities, schools, security, transportation, wastewater infrastructures and fire safety services, which has become overstressed. Economic crisis has manifested in the rise of unemployment and escalating number of urban poor. Residential land use has encroached into open spaces while commercial activities overrun residential areas. Increase in distance and journey time make travel cost unbearable to the common man. These and social fragmentation retard livability in the city. Thus calls for a balance sustainable development in Kaduna metropolis and effective management of urban growth by the Kaduna Capital Development Board Authority. In due course, smart growth policy, growth management, urban containment, effective land use planning and public facility adequacy have been recommended to foster viable urban growth in Kaduna city and elsewhere.

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