Donnees geophysiques sur la structure profonde du Diois et des Baronnies

1966 ◽  
Vol S7-VIII (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Flandrin ◽  
Christian Weber

Abstract Aeromagnetic and gravimetric studies made in the region of the Diois and Baronnies mountains (French Prealps) indicate a clear relation between deep structure and many surface structures. In particular, the basement took part in three displacements, the two great north-south faults of Saillans-Merindol and Die-la Motte-Chalancon, and the northeast-trending Clery fault. On the other hand, the east-west folds affecting the Mesozoic and Tertiary are definitely shallow decollements in which the basement did not participate.

Diachronica ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dorothy Disterheft

SUMMARY Three claims about the structure and diachrony of consecutives and serials in African languages are examined: Serials evolve from consecutives; serials develop further into minor categories such as prepositions, auxiliaries, complementizers, etc.; the synchronic deep structure (and presumably historical source) of serials is a coordinate, not subordinate, one. According to Lightfoot (1979), however, any hypotheses based on reconstruction are invalid without written records; the direction of change could have been from minor category to verb, and from serial to consecutive. Examination of the African evidence indicates that there is little functional distinction between the two constructions and that the major difference lies in morphosyntax. Furthermore, typological parallels from Hittite and Irish confirm that the direction of development is from consecutive to serial by a process of semantic bleaching and from major to minor category. On the other hand, we can make no claim about the structure of consecutives and serials either synchronic or diachronic. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article on examine trois hypotheses concernant la structure et la diachronie des consecutives et des 'sérielles', dans des langues africaines; les proviennent des consecutives; les sérielles deviennent ensuite des catégories mineures, par exemple des prépositions, des auxiliaires, des complémenteurs, etc.; la structure sous-jacente synchronique (et vraisemblablement la source historique) des sérielles est de nature coordonnée, et non pas subordonnée. Selon Lightfoot (1979), cependant, les hypothèses basées sur des reconstructions sans données attestées sont sans valeur; la direction du changement aurait pu se faire d'une catégorie mineure au verbe et d'une sérielle à la consécutive. L'examen des données des langues africaines indique qu'il y a peu de distinction fonctionnelle entre les deux types de constructions et que la différence majeure entre elles ressort de la morphosyntaxe. De plus, des parallèles typologiques tirés de l'hittite et de l'irlandais confirment que la direction du développement est de la consécutive à la sérielle par un procès de 'décoloration' sémantique et d'une catégorie majeure à une catégorie mineure. Par contre, on ne peut bien affirmer concernant la structure des consecutives et des sérielles qu'il s'agisse de la synchronie ou de la diachronie. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Drei Behauptungen beziiglich der Struktur und der Diachronie von konsekutiven und seriellen Konstrukt ionen in Af rikanischen Sprachen werden untersucht: Serielle entwickeln sich aus konsekutiven; serielle entwickeln sich weiter zu weniger wichtigen Kategorien wie etwa Prapositionen, Hilfszeitwörter, Satzergänzungen usw.; die synchronische Tiefenstruktur (und wahrscheinlich die historische Quelle) der seriellen Konstruktionen ist koordiniert, nicht subordiniert. Nach Lightfoot (1979) jedoch sind Hypothesen ohne Dokumentation wertlos; die Richtung der Veranderung könnte von der weniger bedeutenden Ka-tegorie zum Verbum und von der seriellen zur konsekutiven Konstruk-tion vor sich gegangen sein. Die Untersuchung des afrikanischen Materials zeigt an, daft geringer funktionaler Unterschied besteht zwi-schen diesen beiden Konstruktionen und daß der Hauptunterschied in der Morphosyntax liegt. Darüberhinaus bekraftigen typologische Pa-rallelen im Hittitischen und Irischen, daft die Richtung der Entwick-lung von konsekutiven zu seriellen Konstruktionen geht, und zwar durch einen Prozeß semantischer Verbleichung, und von einer Haupt- zu einer Nebenkategorie. Zum andern können wir keine entweder synchronische oder diachronische Behauptung iiber die Struktur konsekutiver und serieller Konstruktionen aufstellen.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mędelska

The author analysed the language of the first Polish translation of the eighteenth-century poem “Metai” [The Seasons] by Kristijonas Donelaitis, a Lithuanian Lutheran pastor. The translation was made in 1933 by a socialist activist and close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Kazimierz Pietkiewicz. The analysis showed that the language of the translation is peculiar. On the one hand, this peculiarity consists in refraining from archaizing the translation and the use of elements that are close to the translator’s style of social-political journalism (e.g., dorobkiewicz [vulgarian], feministka [feminist]), on the other hand, the presence at all levels of language of peculiarities characteristic for Kresy Polish language in both its territorial variations. These are generally old features of common Polish, the retention of which in the eastern areas of the Polish Rzeczpospolita was supported by the influence of substrate languages, later also Russian, or by borrowing. This layer was natural in the language of the translator, born in Ukraine, who spent part of his life in Vilnius, some in exile in Russia. This is the colourful linguistic heritage of the former Republic of Poland.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Ivan Santoso ◽  
Tria Prayoga ◽  
Ika Agustina ◽  
Wiwit Setya Rahayu

Aloe vera (Aloe Vera L.) is a plant which commonly used by local people as moisturizer. The usage of aloe vera can be applied in form of peeled off gel mask with polyvinyl alcohol as gelling agent. The goal of this research is to determine the influence of increase of polyvinyl alcohol as gelling agent to the formulation of peeled off mask from aloe vera juice. The formulation was made in a few concentration, 10%, 12%, and 14% by adding 0,5% of aloe vera juice. After that, the formulation evaluated for 4 weeks about the organoleptics, homogenity, pH, drying time and viscosity. The date of pH test and drying time analyzed by using one way ANOVA statistically and then followed by Tukey HSD test and the viscosity analyzed by using Kruskall Wallis statistically which result in the significantcy less than 0,05 that mean there are difference in drying time and viscosity, on the other hand there is no difference in pH.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Chotibul Umam ◽  
Dita Sukawati ◽  
Fadilla Oktaviana

In this research, the writer was aimed to find out the types of code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality and the reasons of using code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The writer was conducted case study in qualitative method. In collecting the data, the writer used observation by using video recording and interview. The result of the research shows that the writer found three types from each teacher based on gender inequality by observation. The types are inter-sentential, intra-sentential and tag switching. In the other hand, each types that used by English teacher based on gender inequality was made in number percentages, for female English teacher are inter sentential code switching 54%, intra sentential code switching 38% and tag switching 8%. Moreover, for male English teacher are inter sentential code switching 42%, intra sentential code switching 41% and tag switching 18%. In the other words, interview was used to find out the reasons that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The reasons are talking about particular topic, repetition, Interjection and Raising status.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 195-221
Author(s):  
Shūhei Fujii

Abstract This paper will shed light upon the history and current state of Japanese Zen Buddhism in Europe. Japanese Zen has mainly been transmitted in two ways among European countries: via the group founded by Deshimaru Taisen, and through Christian Zen. Deshimaru went to Europe and taught Zen. His teaching represented Zen as a wholistic, scientific, and peaceful Eastern religion. Though his group initially expanded greatly, it split into several subgroups following Deshimaru’s death. On the other hand, Sanbō Kyōdan promoted ecumenical integration between Christianity and Zen. The longstanding interest in Zen among Christians can be seen in the contemporary “spiritual exchange of the East-West.” Concerning the current state of Zen in Europe, data show that there are more than 270 Zen centers in Europe, located in 24 countries. An analysis of the contemporary situation thus demonstrates that European Zen is mobile, has various forms, and has influenced Japanese institutions.


Author(s):  
Catherine Winiarski

Employing Linda Hutcheon’s analogy between biological and cultural adaptation, this chapter analyzes how the survivors of the Roman-Gothic war in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus adapt figures and narratives of the survivor—or remnant—from Virgil, Ovid, and St. Paul as strategic models in the covert, post-war feud of the play’s action. Titus assumes Virgil’s model of the remnant as non-regenerative and stoic; Tamora, on the other hand, employs Ovid’s regenerative and vengeful model, and eventually converts Titus to it. Their violent conflict and absorption in their revenge plots form the conditions for the emergence of a different kind of remnant: the remaining Romans and Goths who, according to a Pauline model, form a new incorporated community. The formation of this community arguably speaks to the context of the Protestant Reformation in Shakespeare’s England, in which violent excisions were made in the name of a latter-day Pauline community.


PMLA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 954-962
Author(s):  
Margaret Ferguson

On the one hand, the gift presents itself as a radical Other of the commodity—and therefore also of work, insofar as the latter is understood as an investment of time and energy made in the expectation of wages or profit. On the other hand, the idea of the gift seems constantly to be drawn back under the horizon of rational exchange, and to be thus endlessly re-revealed as a secret ally of both work and the Work.—Scott Cutler Shershow, The Work and the GiftI have put together all these details to convince you that this recommendation of mine is something out of the common.Quae ego omnia collegi, ut intellegeres non vulgarem esse commendationem hanc meam.—Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares, book 13LAST FALL I FOUND IN MY OFFICE MAILBOX AN ENVELOPE FROM A SOPHOMORE ENGLISH MAJOR WHO HAD ASKED ME DURING THE SUMMER for a last-minute letter of recommendation for a scholarship competition. The envelope contained a handwritten thank-you note—and a gift certificate for a local restaurant. I e-mailed the student to thank her and to tell her that I couldn't accept the gift certificate since the letter I had written for her was part of my job as a teacher. She insisted; I insisted. She said that several teachers had turned her down before I agreed (from a hotel in Germany) to write for her. I felt rueful, as well as grateful to her for the token of gratitude that I couldn't accept. Eventually she won the debate: I accepted the printed piece of paper and took my daughters out to a free lunch.


The duty has been assigned to me of telling you something about Newton as an experimentalist. As the result of a study of what is known of his history, it seems to me that among his various intellectual pursuits experiment was his first love and the love to which he was most constant. Strange though it be, he seems in some moods to have doubted whether his theoretical studies were worth while, and I do not recall any case where he expressed himself enthusiastically about them. On the other hand, he speaks of his optical work as ‘The oddest if not the most considerable detection which has hitherto been made in the operation of nature.’ Newton loved the mechanical side of experimental work. As a boy he constructed sundials, and, what is more, fixed one of them into the side of the house effectually enough for it to be there a century later. A notebook of his boyhood shows him assiduous in collecting recipes for various kinds of drawing materials, and he notes methods of performing some (rather nasty) conjuring tricks. Later on, when he is making his reflecting telescope, it is obvious that he is a skilled amateur mechanic, at home in furnace operation. He builds his own brick furnace, prepares speculum metal, and is apparently more successful than the professional opticians of the time in grinding and polishing it to a satisfactory spherical figure. (The days of parabolizing were not yet.) It was not until a good many years later that they were able to put such instruments on the market.


Author(s):  
David R. Dreyer

Rivalry is pervasive in many areas of life. Though rivalry is not isolated to international politics, interstate rivalries are particularly important given their conflict propensities and destructiveness. Tremendous progress has been made in determining the causes of rivalry initiation, maintenance, escalation, and termination. What we know empirically about rivalry, however, hinges on how the concept of rivalry is defined and which dyads are identified as rivals for which periods of time. Though the what, who, and when questions of rivalry may seem straightforward and the answers to such questions in some cases obvious, defining and identifying rivals has not been without scholarly controversy. There are several approaches to conceptualizing and operationalizing rivalry. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses. Dispute density approaches, for example, which identify rivals as states that engage in repeated instances of militarized conflict over time, have higher levels of measurement reliability than validity. The strategic rivalry approach, on the other hand, which identifies rivals as states that view one another as threatening competitors and enemies, has a higher level of measurement validity than reliability. Rather than advocating one approach over another, the intent of this article is to lay bare the strengths and weaknesses of different ways of identifying cases of rivalry. Existing rivalry research provides a foundation from which to further develop rivalry approaches. Given that the concept of rivalry has only recently been applied outside of the dyadic interstate context, additive research is still needed on rivalry in intrastate, triadic and multistate, and other settings. Due to the existence of several mature dyadic interstate rivalry approaches, on the other hand, developing additional distinct approaches for the dyadic interstate context is less imperative than integrating existing approaches. There are several ways this can potentially be done, such as by combining elements of multiple perspectives in ways that minimize weaknesses, through conceptual mapping, or by developing an ordinal measure of rivalry.


Author(s):  
Rosa María Fernández Riveira

Este trabajo estudia dos reformas concretas de la Ley orgánica del Poder Judicial que se producen en octubre de 2015: la Comisión Permanente, como órgano del Consejo que ve incrementado su número de vocales, sus competencias y que situado bajo la dirección del Presidente del Consejo ha ido creciendo en relevancia; y el Gabinete Técnico del Tribunal Supremo, que se regula también como órgano al servicio del Tribunal pero bajo la obediencia y dirección del Presidente. Un órgano que asume unas competencias muy importantes en un momento en el que se reforma la vieja casación pasando a ser un recurso determinado por el «interés casacional objetivo». Estos dos cambios, como puntas de iceberg, son el aviso de nuevos enfoques sobre planteamientos clásicos acerca de la independencia judicial tales como: las relaciones existentes entre el Consejo General del Poder judicial y el Tribunal Supremo, la presencia del elemento político en el corazón de la independencia judicial, la enorme relevancia de un proceso de selección de nuestros jueces justo, plural y confiable y la necesidad de articular mecanismos de responsabilidad judicial institucional e individual.This paper analyses two reforms about Organic Law of Judiciary which have been made in October 2015: the Permanent Commission as part of Council body that it has seen increasing its competences and it works under careful supervision of the President of the General Council of the Judiciary. It has suffered an augmentation of members on its composition and it has got more relevance as important voice in the General Council and, on the other hand, the Technical office of the Supreme Court, which has been redesigned with new competences working under Instructions of President. And all these changes are been implemented at the same time that it has been adopted the new cassation appeal. Both reforms as iceberg’s tips are performing important reflections about classical principles for example: different manners to understand the judicial independence, the political element within judicial independence, the relevance of appointment judicial processes and of course the accountability discourse as essential part within the judicial independence.


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