Mechanism and Effect of Nanoparticles on Controlling Fines Migration in Unconsolidated Sandstone Formations

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Zhengsong Qiu ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Xiaoxia Ren ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Energy ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Surface Element ◽  
Pore Surface ◽  
Microscopic Mechanism ◽  
Fines Migration ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Summary Pore throat blockage due to fines migration during drilling and completion is one of the leading causes of damage to unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore an effective control method for fines migration. Five types of nanoparticles in suspension with aqueous NaCl solutions of six different ionic strengths were chosen. Their ability to control the migration of quartz and kaolinite fines in quartz sand as the porous medium is discussed in this work. Results show that nanoparticles can effectively adsorb and fix fines, thus successfully suppressing their migration. Among these nanoparticles, Al2O3 showed the best performance, and nanoparticle suspensions with higher ionic strengths were preferable. A surface element integration method was used to establish a mathematical model for calculating the interaction energy between the formation fines and the rock pore surface with adsorbed nanoparticles. Through atomic force microscopy and zeta potential measurements, the effect of nanoparticle adsorption on the heterogeneity of the pore surface was analyzed in terms of roughness and electrical properties. The interaction energy between the formation fines and the heterogeneous pore surface was calculated; it revealed the microscopic mechanism of how nanoparticles control fines migration. The results indicated that the nanoparticles form an adsorption layer, which enhances the physical and chemical heterogeneities of the pore surface and provides favorable conditions for the adsorption and fixation of fines. As a result, the interaction energy curves of the fines and the pore surface shift downward, and their repulsive barriers decrease or even disappear, exhibiting higher attractive potential energy. These variations promote adsorption and fixation of fines at the pore surface, as confirmed by the experimental results reported in this work, thus successfully preventing formation damage.

scholarly journals A New Model Predictive Control Method for Eliminating Hydraulic Oscillation and Dynamic Hydraulic Imbalance in a Complex Chilled Water System

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3608
Author(s):  
Yang Yuan ◽  
Neng Zhu ◽  
Haizhu Zhou ◽  
Hai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Water System ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
New Model ◽  
Chilled Water ◽  
Chilled Water System ◽  
Hydraulic Oscillation

To enhance the energy performance of a central air-conditioning system, an effective control method for the chilled water system is always essential. However, it is a real challenge to distribute exact cooling energy to multiple terminal units in different floors via a complex chilled water network. To mitigate hydraulic imbalance in a complex chilled water system, many throttle valves and variable-speed pumps are installed, which are usually regulated by PID-based controllers. Due to the severe hydraulic coupling among the valves and pumps, the hydraulic oscillation phenomena often occur while using those feedback-based controllers. Based on a data-calibrated water distribution model which can accurately predict the hydraulic behaviors of a chilled water system, a new Model Predictive Control (MPC) method is proposed in this study. The proposed method is validated by a real-life chilled water system in a 22-floor hotel. By the proposed method, the valves and pumps can be regulated safely without any hydraulic oscillations. Simultaneously, the hydraulic imbalance among different floors is also eliminated, which can save 23.3% electricity consumption of the pumps.

Zeta-Potential Investigation and Experimental Study of Nanoparticles Deposited on Rock Surface To Reduce Fines Migration

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 534-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.. Ahmadi ◽  
A.. Habibi ◽  
P.. Pourafshary ◽  
S.. Ayatollahi
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Interaction Energy ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Production Engineering ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Fines Migration ◽  
Total Interaction Energy ◽  
Total Interaction ◽  
Potential Test

Summary Fines migration is a noticeable problem in petroleum-production engineering. Plugging of throats in porous media occurs because of detachment of fine particles from sand surfaces. Thus, the study of interactions between fines and pore surfaces and the investigation of governing forces are important factors to consider when describing the mechanism of the fines-release process. The main types of these forces are electric double-layer repulsion (DLR) and London–van der Waals attraction (LVA). It may be possible to alter these forces with nanoparticles (NPs) as surface coatings. In comparison with repulsion forces, NPs increase the effect of attraction forces. In this paper, we present new experiments and simple modeling to observe such properties of NPs. For this purpose, the surfaces of pores were coated with different types of NPs: magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). A zeta-potential test was used to examine changes in the potential of the pore surfaces. Total interaction energy was then mathematically calculated to compare different states. Total interaction energy is a fitting criterion that gives proper information about the effect of different NPs on surface properties. Consequently, total interaction plots are found to be suitable tools for selecting the best coating material. On the basis of experimental results, the magnitude of change in zeta potential for the MgO NP was 45 mV. Our model demonstrated that the magnitude of the electric DLR in comparison with the LVA of the probe and plate surface was considerably diminished when MgO NPs were used to coat the surface of the plate, which agrees completely with our experimental observation.

scholarly journals Increased resilience for manufacturing systems in supply networks through data-based turbulence mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Bauer ◽  
Markus Böhm ◽  
Thomas Bauernhansl ◽  
Alexander Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Data Format ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Manufacturing Control

AbstractIn manufacturing systems, a state of high resilience is always desirable. However, internal and external complexity has great influence on these systems. An approach is to increase manufacturing robustness and responsiveness—and thus resilience—by manufacturing control. In order to execute an effective control method, it is necessary to provide sufficient information of high value in terms of data format, quality and time of availability. Nowadays, raw data is available in large quantities. An obstacle to manufacturing control is the short-term handling of events induced by customers and suppliers. These events cause different kinds of turbulence in manufacturing systems. If such turbulences could be evaluated in advance, based on data processing, they could serve as aggregated input data for a control system. This paper presents an approach how to combine turbulence evaluation and the derivation of measures into a learning system for turbulence mitigation. Integrated in manufacturing control, turbulence mitigation increases manufacturing resilience and strengthens the supply network’s resilience.

scholarly journals Control Strategy Based on Arm-Level Control for Output and Circulating Current of MMC in Stationary Reference Frame

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4160
Author(s):  
Waqar Uddin ◽  
Tiago D. C. Busarello ◽  
Kamran Zeb ◽  
Muhammad Adil Khan ◽  
Anil Kumar Yedluri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Circulating Current ◽  
Stationary Reference Frame ◽  
Pr Controller ◽  
Dc Component

This paper proposed a control method for output and circulating currents of modular multilevel converter (MMC). The output and circulating current are controlled with the help of arm currents, which contain DC, fundamental frequency, and double frequency components. The arm current is transformed into a stationary reference frame (SRF) to isolate the DC and AC components. The AC component is controlled with a conventional proportional resonant (PR) controller, while the DC component is controlled by a proportional controller. The effective control of the upper arm and lower arm ultimately controls the output current so that it delivers the required power to the grid and circulating current in such a way that the second harmonic component is completely vanished leaving behind only the DC component. Comparative results of leg-level control based on PR controller are included in the paper to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. A three-phase, five-level MMC is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

An experimental evaluation of conventional control measures against the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). II. The dynamics of the tick-host interaction

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Randolph ◽  
Gordon M. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Questing Ticks

AbstractThe experimental manipulation of separate, but originally identical, populations of Ixodes ricinus (L.) by applying three conventional tick control measures in different enclosures on naturally infested moorland in Wales allowed the elements of the tick-host interaction to be analysed quantitatively and the effectiveness of the control methods to be compared. From the relationship between the sheep stocking density and the numbers of questing ticks picked up by fortnightly blanket-dragging in each enclosure, the death rate of ticks during their activity season and the rate of contact between sheep and ticks were calculated. From this, it was possible to investigate the effect of different stocking densities on the feeding success of ticks. A major factor determining the much lower contact rate for larvae than for nymphs was the different spatial distribution of questing ticks, clumped for larvae and random for nymphs. The non-random use by sheep of the three different vegetation zones in the paddock resulted in the highest contact rate between sheep and ticks in the pasture area, but tick survival was apparently highest in the bog area. Combining these factors resulted in the prediction that the bracken area was the least favourable habitat for ticks. In the two enclosures where the sheep were not treated with acaricide the mean tick loads on the sheep were similar, but the lower overall use of the pasture by the sheep in the low stocking density enclosure (2/ha) resulted in slightly lower tick loads there compared with those in the high stocking density enclosure (4/ha). The numbers of ticks counted in the second year showed that pasture spelling was the most effective control method, acaricide treatment was less effective, and the benefits of halving the stocking density were marginal. The implications of these results for control strategies are discussed.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation Study on Aeroacoustic Characteristics within Deformable Cavities

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ning Fangli ◽  
Ning Shunshan ◽  
Zhang Changtong ◽  
Liu Zhe
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Mode Frequency ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Tonal Noise ◽  
Slant Angle ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Cavity Structure ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
Flow Induced Noise

Cavity flow phenomena are encountered in many kinds of aviation vehicles. The flow-induced noise can easily cause structure resonance and fatigue damages. Therefore, the study on the mechanism and effective control methods of cavity noise are very important to engineering applications. A new active control method was proposed based on the deformable cavity in order to mitigate the cavity noise. Large eddy simulation (LES) and computational aeroacoustics (CAA) are combined to simulate a typical open cavity noise. The results show the first mode sound-pressure level (SPL) of tonal noise decreases gradually while the first mode frequency sharply jumps within a small range of the slant angle of the trailing and bottom wall. In addition, with the increase in the slant angle, the decrease of the first mode SPL of tonal noise at Mach 0.6 is more significant than that at Mach 0.85, but the increase of the first mode frequency at Mach 0.85 is more dramatical than that at Mach 0.6. The proposed method can not only reduce the first mode SPL obviously but also increase the first mode frequency dramatically, which makes it different from the natural frequency of the cavity structure and sequentially helps the cavity avoid fatigue damages from resonance.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Control Design of a Half-Car Model Using Feedback Linearization and an LQR Controller

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3075
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aseer Khan ◽  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Nisar Ahmed ◽  
Abdul Wadood ◽  
Herie Park
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Linearization ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Ride Quality ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Car Model ◽  
Road Disturbance ◽  
Lqr Controller

Effective control of ride quality and handling performance are challenges for active vehicle suspension systems, particularly for off-road applications. The nonlinearities tend to degrade the performance of active suspension systems; these introduce harshness to the ride quality and reduce off-road mobility. Typical control strategies rely on linear models of the suspension dynamics. While these models are convenient, nominally accurate, and controllable due to the abundance of linear control techniques, they neglect the nonlinearities present in real suspension systems. The techniques already implemented and methods used to cope with problem of Half-Car model were studied. Every method and technique had some drawbacks in terms of complexity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of real time implementation. In this paper, an improved control method for Half-Car model was proposed. First, input/output feedback linearization was performed to convert the nonlinear system of Half-Car model into an equivalent linear system. This was followed by a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller. This controller had minimized the effects of road disturbances by designing a gain matrix with optimal robustness properties. The proposed control technique was applied in the presence of the deterministic road disturbance. The results were verified using the Matlab/Simulink toolbox.

Robust Flight Control System Design with Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller

2011 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 579-582
Author(s):  
Y.J. Huang ◽  
T.C. Kuo ◽  
C. Y. Chen ◽  
B.W. Hong ◽  
P. C. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Wind Gust ◽  
Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller ◽  
Pd Controller ◽  
Robust Tracking ◽  
Robust Tracking Control ◽  
On Line

This paper presents a robust proportional-derivative (PD) based cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) for vertical take-off and landing flight control systems. It is known that PD control is a simple and effective control method. However, it does not ensure the robustness if it is used alone for uncertain systems. CMAC can be used for robust control. However, it requires training patterns for tuning some weighting factors. A novel CMAC incorporating with a PD controller design is proposed in this paper. Successful on-line training and recalling process of CMAC accompanying the PD controller was developed. The advantage of the proposed method is mainly the robust tracking performance against aerodynamic parametric variation and external wind gust. Even when the PD controller is not designed well, the CMAC is capable of doing a robust tracking control through on-line recalling and training procedures.

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