scholarly journals Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and associated factors in a rural tertiary hospital in Eastern Uganda: A prospective cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobert Thembo ◽  
George Masifa ◽  
Gerald Kamugisha ◽  
Robinah Nabitaka ◽  
Benjamin Akais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can predispose the host to a wide array of infections that would pose a challenge in the management of the cases in a current era encompassed with antibiotic resistance. To inform public health strategies, the study sought to describe MRSA nasal carriage frequencies and the associated factors concerning nasal carriage among patients attending Mbale Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). Methods: Two hundred eighteen consented participants presenting to the hospital for medical care between January and April 2018 were recruited to participate in this study. Sampling was done on both anterior nares using a pre-moistened swab and then transported to the laboratory at Room temperature for the detection of MRSA. Culture was performed on blood agar and plates incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done using conventional biochemical tests . MRSA was detected phenotypically using cefoxitin (30µg) as a surrogate test as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines 2017 version. Patient demographic characteristics and the MRSA nasal carriage factors were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The collected raw data was entered into excel and later imported into STATA software for analysis. Results: Overall, Majority of the participants were in-patients (138, 63.3%) with the proportions of both females and males among the participants being 154/218 (70.6%) and 64/218 (29.3%) respectively. Mean age for both female and male participants was 40.16 (SD± 17.04) years respectively. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rate among the participants was 22.9% (50/218), with 72% (36/50) of the harboured strains phenotypically expressing methicillin resistance. Colonization with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus did not show any significant relationship with all the studied factors. Conclusion: There was a moderate Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among the participants in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital. We also observed a highly displayed phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance among the isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains. The studied factors indicated an independent influence on the rate of nasal carriage. For surveillance purposes to combat future outbreaks, there is a need to do a larger study with better power to better draw generalizable conclusions of carriage in the population.

scholarly journals Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and associated factors in a rural tertiary hospital in Eastern Uganda: A prospective cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobert Thembo ◽  
George Masifa ◽  
Gerald Kamugisha ◽  
Robinah Nabitaka ◽  
Benjamin Akais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can predispose the host to a wide array of infections that can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. To inform public health strategies, the study sought to describe MRSA nasal carriage frequencies and the associated factors concerning nasal carriage among patients attending Mbale Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). Methods: Nasal swabs were obtained from consented (aged >15years) participants presenting to the hospital for medical care between January and April 2018[L1] . Direct Culture of swabs was performed on blood agar and then incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Identification of S. aureus was done using conventional biochemical tests. Phenotypic screening and confirmation of MRSA was done using cefoxitin disc (30µg) test and MICs on the Phoenix M50 instrument respectively. Patient demographic characteristics and the MRSA nasal carriage risk factors were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Overall, majority of the participants were in-patients (138, 63.3%) with the proportions of both females and males among the participants being 154/218 (70.6%) and 64/218 (29.3%) respectively. Mean age for both female and male participants was 40.16 (SD± 17.04) years respectively. S. aureus nasal carriage rate among the participants was 22.9% (50/218), with 57.9% (29/50) of the harboured strains phenotypically expressing methicillin resistance (mecA mediated). Phenotypic co-expression with inducible clindamycin resistance and vancomycin resistance was displayed in 45.5% (23/50) and 2% (1/50) of the studied isolates respectively. Colonisation with MRSA did not show any significant relationship with all the studied factors. Conclusion: There was a moderate S. aureus nasal carriage among the participants in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital with a highly noted phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance among the isolated S. aureus strains. The studied factors were not significantly associated with the rate of MRSA nasal carriage. For surveillance purposes to combat future outbreaks, there is a need to do a larger study to better draw generalizable conclusions of carriage in the population. [L1]This is an important statement. I suggest that we reinstatate it if we are still in recommended word count

scholarly journals Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and associated factors in a rural tertiary hospital in Eastern Uganda: A prospective cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobert Thembo ◽  
George Masifa ◽  
Gerald Kamugisha ◽  
Robinah Nabitaka ◽  
Benjamin Akais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can predispose the host to a wide array of infections that can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. To inform public health strategies, the study sought to describe MRSA nasal carriage frequencies and the associated factors concerning nasal carriage among patients attending Mbale Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). Methods: Nasal swabs were obtained from consented (aged >15years) participants presenting to the hospital for medical care between January and April 2018 [L1] . Direct Culture of swabs was performed on blood agar and then incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Identification of S. aureus was done using conventional biochemical tests. Phenotypic screening and confirmation of MRSA was done using cefoxitin disc (30µg) test and MICs on the Phoenix M50 instrument respectively. Patient demographic characteristics and the MRSA nasal carriage risk factors were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Overall, majority of the participants were in-patients (138, 63.3%) with the proportions of both females and males among the participants being 154/218 (70.6%) and 64/218 (29.3%) respectively. Mean age for both female and male participants was 40.16 (SD± 17.04) years respectively. S . aureus nasal carriage rate among the participants was 22.9% (50/218), with 57.9% (29/50) of the harboured strains phenotypically expressing methicillin resistance ( mecA mediated). Phenotypic co-expression with i nducible clindamycin resistance and vancomycin resistance was displayed in 45.5% (23/50) and 2% (1/50) of the studied isolates respectively. Colonisation with MRSA did not show any significant relationship with all the studied factors. Conclusion : There was a moderate S. aureus nasal carriage among the participants in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital with a highly noted phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance among the isolated S. aureus strains. The studied factors were not significantly associated with the rate of MRSA nasal carriage. For surveillance purposes to combat future outbreaks, there is a need to do a larger study to better draw generalizable conclusions of carriage in the population. [L1] This is an important statement. I suggest that we reinstatate it if we are still in recommended word count

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage and Associated Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Medicine and Health Science Students of Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermiyas Mekuriya ◽  
Aseer Manilal ◽  
Addis Aklilu ◽  
Melat Woldemariam ◽  
Tadios Hailu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Health Science Students ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Abstract Individuals with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized nasal cavities were at greater risk of developing the infection and can serve as potential reservoirs of transmission. Aim of this study is to determine the extent of nasal carriage and associated factors linked to MRSA in medical and health science students of Arba Minch University (AMU), Ethiopia. An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted at AMU from 01st August through 30th November, 2020. A systematic sampling technique was used to recruit the participants. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Nasal swabs were collected and S. aureus were identified following standard microbiological methods. Methicillin resistance was tested using cefoxitin disk and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. Biofilm forming ability was phenotypically detected by micro-titer plate assay. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done by Statistical Package for Social Service (SPSS) version 25. Overall prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA were 27.1% (70/258) and 7.4% (19/258) respectively. Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus carriage was higher among medical interns, 16.9% (11/65); isolates were co-resistant to antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.2%) and tetracycline (48.4%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed among 52.6% (10/19) of the isolates. Besides, 31.4% (6/19) of MRSA were biofilm producers and all of them were MDR. Multivariable analysis showed that students having >2 years of mean exposure to hospital [p= 0.048, AOR: 4.99, 95% CI: 1.01-24.66] and those who share clothing and sports equipment [p=0.017, AOR: 5.43, 95% CI: 1.35-21.83] were statistically significant. The overall prevalence of nasal MRSA among students were comparatively lower than that observed in other studies done in Ethiopia itself. An alarming factor is that, 60% of MDR-MRSA were biofilm producers.

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Sympatric Free-ranging Domestic Pigs and Wild Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in a Rural African Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bosco Kalule ◽  
Valeria Nakintu ◽  
Simon Peter Ssendawula
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract Background Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage in domestic pigs and vervet monkeys is a risk factor for subsequent severe infections in domestic pigs and for dissemination to the human population. This study assessed nasal carriage of MRSA in domestic pigs and sympatric vervet monkeys in a rural African village during an outbreak of a virus hemorrhagic fever suspected to be contracted from wild primates. This study was conducted during the 2012 Ebola outbreak to determine nasal carriage of MRSA in free-ranging domestic pigs and sympatric freely roaming vervet monkeys using conventional methods. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from the anterior nares were tested for susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and conventional PCR was used to confirm methicillin resistance. Results MRSA was significantly more in wild vervet monkeys compared to free ranging domestic pigs (p=0.003875). Overall, there was a high level of resistance to tetracycline [90% (63/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys], trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole [90% (63/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys], and penicillin [83% (58/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys]. Conclusion The nasal carriage of drug resistant S. aureus in freely roaming domestic and wild animals presents a risk for widespread environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance thus presenting a risk for treatment failure in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare undergraduates in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
Deepa Anbazhagan ◽  
◽  
Mak Jia Hui ◽  
Nurul Aisyah ◽  
Arina Syazwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Keywords Mrsa ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Mrsa Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a common component of skin flora of healthy adults. However, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to cause hospital- (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired (CA-MRSA) infections worldwide. Asia is reported to have highest prevalence rates of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. As there were very less number of epidemiological studies being done in Malaysia, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of MRSA infection among the healthcare undergraduates who will be engaging with patients soon. We analyzed nasal swabs of students from a private medical institution in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methicillin-resistance was accessed by sensitivity to the Oxacillin and Cefoxitin disks. In a total of 151 healthcare undergraduates, 117 of them were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Among the latter, 21 samples (13.9%) were resistant to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin. Our data shows significant high percentage of MRSA infection and therefore prevention strategies for MRSA need to be developed for the healthcare students before they engage with patients in clinic setting. Keywords: MRSA, nasal swab, healthcare undergraduates, Oxacillin.

scholarly journals The First Report of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate Harboring Type IV SCCmec in Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Wichai Santimaleeworagun ◽  
Praewdow Preechachuawong ◽  
Wandee Samret ◽  
Tossawan Jitwasinkul
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is mostly found in Thailand in the hospital as a nosocomial pathogen. This study aimed to report the genetic characterization of a clinical community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolate collected from hospitalized patients in Thailand. Among 26 MRSA isolates, S. aureus no. S17 preliminarily displayed the presence of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV pattern. The bacterial genomic DNA was subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) production, virulence toxins, and antibiotic resistance genes were identified, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing were performed. The strain was matched by sequence to MLST type 2885 and spa type t13880. This strain carried type IV SCCmec with no PVL production. Five acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, namely blaZ, mecA, Inu(A), tet(K), and dfrG conferring resistance to β-lactams, lincosamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, were identified. The detected toxins were exfoliative toxin A, gamma-hemolysin, leukocidin D, and leukocidin E. Moreover, there were differences in seven regions in CR-MRSA no. S17 compared to CA-MRSA type 300. In summary, we have reported the ST2885-SCCmec IV CA-MRSA clinical strain in Thailand for the first time, highlighting the problem of methicillin resistance in community settings and the consideration in choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Ceftobiprole Is Superior to Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Linezolid for Treatment of Experimental Endocarditis in Rabbits Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 610-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tattevin ◽  
L. Basuino ◽  
D. Bauer ◽  
B. A. Diep ◽  
H. F. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
High Affinity

ABSTRACT Beta lactam agents are the most active drugs for the treatment of streptococci and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is resistant to all beta lactam agents licensed to date, and alternative treatments are limited. Ceftobiprole is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin that binds with high affinity to PBP 2a, the penicillin binding protein that mediates the methicillin resistance of staphylococci and is active against MRSA. Ceftobiprole was compared to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid in a rabbit model of MRSA aortic valve endocarditis caused by the homogeneously methicillin-resistant laboratory strain COL. Residual organisms in vegetations were significantly fewer in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in any other treatment group (P < 0.05 for each comparison). In addition, the numbers of organisms in spleens and in kidneys were significantly lower in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in linezolid- and vancomycin-treated animals (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Anti-MRSA beta lactam agents such as ceftobiprole may represent a significant therapeutic advance over currently available agents for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis.

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