scholarly journals Why under five children are stunted in Pakistan? A Multilevel analysis of Punjab Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-2014)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Mahmood ◽  
Faisal Abbas ◽  
Ramesh Kumar ◽  
Ratana Somrongthong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
Punjab Province ◽  
Multilevel Hierarchical Models ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Pakistan is facing an acute problem of child under-nutrition as about 38% of children in Pakistan are stunted. Punjab, the largest province by population and GDP share having a stunting prevalence of about 33.5% moderately and 13.3%severely stunted children of less than five years. Thus, this study aims at examining the determinants of stunting (moderate and severe) at different level of hierarchy empirically.Methodology: Data for this study is coming from Punjab Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS-2014). MICS uses a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach. MICS is sub-national level (Punjab province) data covering urban and rural areas. The data consists of 25,067 children under five, for 9 administrative divisions and 36 districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. Descriptive statistics and multilevel hierarchical models were estimated. Multilevel data analyses have an advantage because it provides robust standard error estimates and helps in finding variation in the data at various levels. Results: Punjab has a stunting prevalence of about 27% moderately and 10% severely stunted children of less than five years. The results depict that increasing the age of the child, increasing birth order, illiterate mothers and fathers, lack of sanitation facilities and being poor are associated significantly with the likelihood of moderate and severe stunting. Surprisingly, there is a gender bias in stunting in Punjab, Pakistan and being a girl child is more likely associated with moderate and severe stunting, which depicts the patriarchal nature of the society and a substantial prevalence of gender bias in household resource allocations.Conclusion: This outcome of our analysis points towards targeting not only households (focus on girls) but also their families and communities.

scholarly journals Why under five children are stunted in Pakistan? Multilevel analysis of Punjab Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-2014)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Mahmood ◽  
Faisal Abbas ◽  
Ramesh Kumar ◽  
Ratana Somrongthong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
Punjab Province

Abstract Background : Pakistan is facing an acute problem of child under-nutrition as about 38 percent of children in Pakistan are stunted. Punjab, the largest province by population and GDP share having stunting prevalence of about 33.5 percent moderately and 13.3 percent severely stunted children of less than five years. Thus, this study aims at examining empirically the determinants of stunting (moderate and severe) at different level of hierarchy. Methodology : Data for this study is coming from Punjab Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS-2014). MICS uses two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach. MICS is sub national level (Punjab province) data covering urban and rural areas. The data consists of 25,067 children under five, for 9 administrative divisions and 36 districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. Descriptive statistics and multilevel hierarchical models were estimated. Multilevel data analyses has advantage because it provides robust standard error estimates and helps in finding variation in the data at various levels. Results : Punjab has stunting prevalence of about 27 percent moderately and 10 percent severely stunted children of less than five years. The results depict that increasing age of child, increasing birth order, illiterate mothers and fathers, lack of sanitation facilities and being poor are associated significantly with the likelihood of moderate and sever stunting. Surprisingly, there is a gender bias in stunting in Punjab, Pakistan and being girl child is more likely associated with moderate and severe stunting which depicts the patriarchal nature of the society and a strong prevalence of gender bias in household resource allocations. Conclusion : This outcome of our analysis points towards targeting not only households (focus on girls) but also their families and communities. Keywords: Undernutrition; Stunting; Child Health; Pakistan; Punjab; Multilevel Models; Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey.

scholarly journals Green and Blue Space Availability and Self-Rated Health among Seniors in China: Evidence from a National Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Chensong Lin ◽  
Longfeng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Major River ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Many empirical studies have shown evidence of multiple health benefits provided by green and blue spaces. Despite the importance of these spaces, investigations are scarce in details for blue spaces rather than green. Moreover, most research has focused on developed regions. A limited number of studies on blue spaces can be found in China with a focus on the city level. Outcomes have been mixed due to varying research scales, methodologies, and definitions. This study relies on a national-level social survey to explore how the self-rated health (SRH) of senior individuals is associated with local green and blue space availability in urban and rural areas. Results indicate that the coverage ratio of overall green spaces and waterbodies around a resident’s home have marginal effects on SRH status in both urban and rural areas. In urban areas, living close to a park can is marginally beneficial for older people’s health. Regarding different types of blue spaces, the presence of a major river (within 0.3–0.5 km) or coastline (within 1 km and 1–5 km) in the vicinity of home negatively affects SRH among the elderly in urban areas. Close proximity to lakes and other types of waterbodies with a water surface larger than 6.25 ha did not significantly influence SRH. These findings not only evaluate general health impacts of green/blue space development on senior populations across the county but inform decision makers concerning the health-promoting qualities and features of different green/blue spaces to better accommodate an aging population in the era of urbanization.

Influence of community satisfaction with individual happiness: comparative study in semi-urban and rural areas of Tikapur, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Bae Park ◽  
Chun-Bae Kim ◽  
Chhabi Ranabhat ◽  
Chang-Soo Kim ◽  
Sei-Jin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
National Level ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Community Satisfaction ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Happiness is a subjective indicator of overall living conditions and quality of life. Recently, community- and national-level investigations connecting happiness and community satisfaction were conducted. This study investigated the effects of community satisfaction on happiness in Nepal. A factor analysis was employed to examine 24 items that are used to measure community satisfaction, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of these factors on happiness. In semi-urban areas, sanitation showed a positive relationship with happiness. In rural areas, edu-medical services were negatively related to happiness, while agriculture was positively related. Gender and perceived health were closely associated with happiness in rural areas. Both happiness and satisfaction are subjective concepts, and are perceived differently depending on the socio-physical environment and personal needs. Sanitation, agriculture (food) and edu-medical services were critical factors that affected happiness; however, the results of this study cannot be generalized to high-income countries.

scholarly journals Association Between Household Air Pollution and Infant and Child Mortality in Myanmar: Evidence From The First Demographic and Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juwel Rana ◽  
Md Nuruzzaman Khan ◽  
Rakibul M Islam ◽  
Razia Aliani ◽  
Youssef Oulhote
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background: Household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use (SFU) for cooking has been considered a public health threat, particularly for women and children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), with limited evidence. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of HAP on neonatal, infant, and under-five child mortality in Myanmar. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed data from the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS), the first nationally representative survey conducted in 2016. Data were collected from MDHS based on stratified two-stage cluster sampling design applied in urban and rural areas. The sample consists of 3249 under-five children in the household with a 98% response rate. Exposure measures were HAP (coal and biomass) and level of exposure to HAP (no exposure, moderate and high exposure). The main outcomes were neonatal, infant, and under-five child mortality reported by mothers presented in rates and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals, accounting for survey weight and cluster variation. Results: The prevalence of SFU was 79.0%. The neonatal, infant and under-five child mortality rates were 26, 45, and 49 per 1,000 live births, respectively. The risks of infant (aRR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.01-4.05) and under-five mortality (aRR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.07-4.36) mortality were higher among children from households with SFU compared to children from households using clean fuel. When applying an augmented measure of exposure to HAP by incorporating SFU and the kitchen's location, the likelihoods of infant and under-five mortality were even higher among moderate and highly exposed children than unexposed children with similar trends. Neonatal mortality was not associated with either HAP exposure or levels of exposure to HAP.Conclusion: Infants and under-five children are at higher risk of mortality from exposure to HAP. Increasing access to cookstoves and clean fuels is imperative to reduce the risk of infant and under-five child mortality in LMICs, including Myanmar.

scholarly journals Assessing women's satisfaction with family planning services in Mozambique

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Chavane ◽  
Martinho Dgedge ◽  
Patricia Bailey ◽  
Osvaldo Loquiha ◽  
Marc Aerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
National Level ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe contraceptive prevalence rate in Mozambique was estimated as 11.3% in the last Demographic and Health Survey. The impact of family planning (FP) on women's health and on the reduction of maternal mortality is well known.MethodsAcknowledging the importance of user satisfaction in the utilisation of health services, exit interviews were used to assess women's satisfaction with FP services in Mozambique. The survey, conducted in 174 health facilities, was representative at the national level, covered all provinces, and both urban and rural areas.ResultsOverall, 86% of respondents were satisfied with FP services, but issues such as insufficient supplies of oral contraceptives and the low quality of healthcare provider/client interactions were given as reasons for women's dissatisfaction.ConclusionDefined actions at the level of health service provision are needed to tackle the identified issues and ensure improved satisfaction with, and better utilisation of, FP services in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
SGanesh Kumar ◽  
Anindo Majumdar ◽  
Veera Kumar ◽  
BijayNanda Naik ◽  
Kalaiselvi Selvaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Jully Gogoi-Tiwari ◽  
Ian D. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
One Health ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multiple Interventions

AbstractRabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Malaria Infection Among Children of local farmers in Central Malawi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chilanga ◽  
Delphine Collin-Vezina ◽  
Heather MacIntosh ◽  
Claudia Mitchel ◽  
Katrina Cherney
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Age Range

Abstract BackgroundMalaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five in Malawi. Children from rural areas of central Malawi have high burden of malaria morbidity compared to other regions. The goals of this study were to examine the prevalence and determinants of malaria infection among children in rural areas of Dowa district in central Malawi.Methods A multistage cross-sectional study design was used to systematically sample 523 child-mother dyads from postnatal clinics. The main outcome was child positive malaria diagnostic test during postnatal clinic health assessment. Logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors associated with malaria among children aged 2 to 59 months.Results The prevalence of malaria amongst children under five years was 35.4%. The results of multivariable analyses show that children of mothers who experienced recent intimate partner violence (IPV) were more likely to be diagnosed with malaria ( AOR : 1.88, 95% CI : 1.19-2.97; P = 0.007) than children of mothers who did not. Children of mothers who had no formal education were more likely to be diagnosed with malaria ( AOR : 2.77, 95% CI : 1.24-6.19; P = 0.013) than children of mothers who attained secondary education. In addition, children in the age range of 2 to 5 months, and 6 to 11 months were less likely to be diagnosed with malaria ( AOR :0.21, 95% CI: 0.10-0.46; P = 0.000 and AOR :0.43; 95% CI: 0.22-0.85; P = 0.016, respectively) than children in the age range of 24 to 59 months.Conclusion The study found that the prevalence of malaria infection among children in the study area was comparable to that of national level. We propose that malaria control programs among children should also take into account mothers without formal education, mothers with children aged 24 to 59 months, and mothers that are experiencing IPV in the area.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Anaemia in Children of 6 Months to 59 Months in Narayanganj, Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Uddin ◽  
MH Sardar ◽  
MZ Hossain ◽  
MM Alam ◽  
MF Bhuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anaemia in children of 6 to 59 months old in Narayanganj, Bangladesh to help policy makers to formulate health and nutrition policies in national level. Methods: In 2009, a representative sample of 767 young children (age ranging from 6 to 59 months) had their haemoglobin concentration measured. The sampling process was in three stages: at first, 5 Upazila hospitals, 1 District hospital and a 200 bedded specialized hospital were randomly selected to represent the whole district and its 5 geographic urban and rural areas. Next, using census lists, 15 census sectors were randomly chosen. Finally, 767 children of 6-59 months were selected. Blood was collected by vein puncture and haemoglobin concentration was measured with a haemoglobin meter. Data were analysed to determine prevalence of anaemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia among the children of 5-59 months old was 40.9% for the district as a whole. Prevalence in the municipal region of Narayanganj was 40.9%. The rural areas had the highest prevalence of 66.9%. Prevalence was almost two times higher in children of 6-23 months in comparison to children of 24-59 months i.e. 61.8% and 31.0% respectively. The mean haemoglobin concentrations in the younger and older age groups were 10.4(±1.5) g/ dl and 11.4(±1.4) g/dl respectively. There is no difference found between the sexes. Conclusion: This is the first assessment of anaemia prevalence among young children in Narayangaj, Bangladesh. As there is very high prevalence of anaemia among the children studied in Fatulla upazila, especially those in the age group 6-23 months, public health interventions are needed here most. Key words: Anaemia; iron deficiency anaemia; haemoglobin; child heath; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v19i2.7084J Dhaka Med Coll. 2010; 19(2) : 126-130

scholarly journals The Current Situation and Future Trend of Leukemia Mortality by Sex and Area in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baojing Li ◽  
Hong Tang ◽  
Zilu Cheng ◽  
Yuxiao Zhang ◽  
Hao Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Leukemia is one of the most common cancers. We conducted this study to comprehensively analyze the temporal trends of leukemia mortality during 2003–2017 and project the trends until 2030. We extracted national-level data on annual leukemia mortality from China Health Statistics Yearbooks (2003–2017). We applied the Joinpoint regression model to assess leukemia mortality trends in urban and rural China by sex during 2003–2017. We also produced sex-specific leukemia mortality using the adjusted Global Burden Disease (GBD) 2016 projection model. In urban areas, age-standardized leukemia mortality decreased significantly among females during 2003–2017 (APC = −0.9%; 95% CI: −1.7, −0.1%). In rural areas, significant decreases of age-standardized leukemia mortality were both found among males (APC = −1.7%; 95% CI: −2.9, −0.5%) and females (APC = −1.6%; 95% CI: −2.6, −0.7%) from 2008 to 2017. Rural-urban and sex disparities of leukemia mortality will continue to exist until the year 2030. According to projection, the leukemia mortality rates of males and rural populations are higher than that of females and urban populations. In 2030, leukemia mortality is projected to decrease to 3.03/100,000 and 3.33/100,000 among the males in urban and rural areas, respectively. In females, leukemia mortality will decrease to 1.87/100,000 and 2.26/100,000 among urban and rural areas, respectively. Our study suggests that more precautionary measures to reduce leukemia mortality are need, and more attention should be paid to rural residents and males in primary prevention of leukemia in China.

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