scholarly journals The effect of improved housing on indoor mosquito density and exposure to malaria in the rural community of Minkoameyos, Centre Region of Cameroon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Laure Nguela ◽  
Jude D. Bigoga ◽  
Tedjou N. Armel ◽  
Tallah Tayie Ngobiyo Esther ◽  
Line Lekou Dongmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Chi Square

Abstract Background This study evaluated the effectiveness of improved housing on indoor residual mosquito density and exposure to infected Anophelines in Minkoameyos, a rural community in southern forested Cameroon. Methods Following the identification of housing factors affecting malaria prevalence in 2013, 218 houses were improved by screening the doors and windows, installing plywood ceilings on open eaves and closing holes on walls and doors. Monthly entomological surveys were conducted in a sample of 21 improved and 21 non-improved houses from November 2014 to October 2015. Mosquitoes sampled from night collections on human volunteers were identified morphologically and their parity status determined. Mosquito infectivity was verified through Plasmodium falciparum CSP ELISA and the average entomological inoculation rates determined. A Reduction Factor (RF), defined as the ratio of the values for mosquitoes collected outdoor to those collected indoor was calculated in improved houses (RFI) and non-improved houses (RFN). An Intervention Effect (IE=RFI/RFN) measured the true effect of the intervention. Chi-square test was used to determine variable significance. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.Results A total of 1113 mosquitoes were collected comprising Anopheles sp (58.6%), Culex sp (36.4%), Aedes sp (2.5%), Mansonia sp (2.4%) and Coquillettidia sp (0.2%). Amongst the Anophelines were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (95.2%), Anopheles funestus (2.9%), Anopheles ziemanni (0.2%), Anopheles brohieri (1.2%) and Anopheles paludis (0.5%). Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the only An. gambiae sibling species found. The intervention reduced the indoor Anopheles density by 1.8-fold (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.001). The indoor density of parous Anopheles was reduced by 1.7-fold (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.04) and that of infected Anopheles by 1.8-fold (RFI=3.26; RFN=1.78; P=0.04). Indoor peak biting rates were observed between 02am to 04am in non-improved houses and from 02am to 06am in improved houses.Conclusion Housing improvement contributed to reducing indoor residual anopheline density and malaria transmission. This highlights the need for policy specialists to further evaluate and promote aspects of house design as a complementary control tool that could reduce indoor human–vector contact and malaria transmission in similar epidemiological settings.

scholarly journals The effect of improved housing on indoor mosquito density and exposure to malaria in the rural community of Minkoameyos, Centre Region of Cameroon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Laure Nguela ◽  
Jude D. Bigoga ◽  
Tedjou N. Armel ◽  
Tallah Tayie Ngobiyo Esther ◽  
Line Leukou Dongmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
House Design

Abstract Background This study evaluated the effectiveness of improved housing on indoor residual mosquito density and exposure to malaria-carrying anophelines in Minkoameyos, a rural community in southern forested Cameroon. Methods Following the identification of housing factors affecting malaria prevalence in 2013, 218 houses were improved by screening the doors and windows, installing plywood ceilings on open eaves and closing holes on walls and doors. Monthly entomological surveys were conducted in a sample of 21 improved and 21 non-improved houses from November 2014 to October 2015. Mosquitoes sampled from night collections on human volunteers were identified morphologically and their parity status determined. Mosquito infectivity was verified through Plasmodium falciparum CSP ELISA and the average entomological inoculation rates determined. A Reduction Factor (RF), defined as the ratio of the values for mosquitoes collected outdoor to those collected indoor was calculated in improved houses (RFI) and non-improved houses (RFN). An Intervention Effect (IE=RFI/RFN) measured the true effect of the intervention. Chi-square test was used to determine variable significance. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results A total of 1113 mosquitoes were collected comprising Anopheles sp (58.6%), Culex sp (36.4%), Aedes sp (2.5%), Mansonia sp (2.4%) and Coquillettidia sp (0.2%). Amongst the anophelines were An. gambiae s.l. (95.2%), An. funestus (2.9%), An. ziemanni (0.2%), An. brohieri (1.2%) and An. paludis (0.5%). An. gambiae s.s. was the only Anopheles gambiae siblings found. The intervention reduced the indoor Anopheles density by 1.8 folds (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.001 ). The indoor density of parous Anopheles reduced by 1.7 folds (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.04 ) and that of infected Anopheles by 1.8 folds (RFI=3.26; RFN=1.78; P=0.04 ). Indoor peak biting rates were observed between 02am to 04am in non-improved houses and from 02am to 06am in improved houses. Conclusion Housing improvement contributed to reducing indoor residual anopheline density and malaria transmission. This highlights the need for policy specialists to further evaluate and promote aspects of house design as a complementary control tool that could reduce indoor human–vector contact and malaria transmission in similar epidemiological settings.

scholarly journals The effect of improved housing on indoor mosquito density and exposure to malaria in the rural community of Minkoameyos, Centre Region of Cameroon.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Laure Nguela ◽  
Jude D. Bigoga ◽  
Tedjou N. Armel ◽  
Tallah Tayie Ngobiyo Esther ◽  
Line Leukou Dongmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background: Malaria control faces several threats. Alternative strategies to complement Long Lasting Insecticide-treated Nets and antimalarial therapy are therefore mandatory. This study evaluated the effectiveness of improved housing on indoor residual mosquito density and exposure to malaria-carrying Anophelines in Minkoameyos, a rural community in the center region of Cameroon.Methods: Following the identification of housing factors affecting malaria prevalence in 2013, 218 houses were improved (screening of doors and windows, installing plywood ceilings on open eaves, closing holes on the walls and doors). Quarterly surveys were conducted in a sample of 21 improved and 21 non-improved houses from November 2014 to October 2015. Mosquitoes sampled by night collections on human volunteers were identified morphologically. Their parity status determined. Mosquito infectivity was verified through Plasmodium falciparum CSP ELISA. The average entomological inoculation rates were determined. A Reduction Factor (RF), defined as the ratio of the values for mosquitoes collected outdoor to those collected indoor was calculated in improved houses (RFI) and non-improved houses (RFN). An Intervention Effect (IE=RFI/RFU) measured the true effect of the intervention. Chi-square test was used to determine variable significance. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.Results: A total of 1113 mosquitoes were collected comprising: Anopheles (58.6%), Culex (36.4%), Aedes (2.5%), Mansonia (2.4%) and Coquillettidia (0.2%). Amongst the anophelines were An. gambiae s.l. (95.2%), An. funestus (2.9%), An. ziemanni (0.2%), An. brohieri (1.2%) and An. paludis (0.5%). An gambiae s.s. was the only Anopheles gambiae sibling found. The intervention reduced the indoor Anopheles density by 1.8 fold (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.001 ). The indoor density of parous Anopheles was reduced by 1.7 fold (RFI=3.99; RFN=2.21; P=0.04 ) and that of infected Anopheles by 1.8 fold (RFI=3.26; RFN=1.78; P=0.04 ). Indoor peak biting rates were observed between 02am to 04am in non improved houses and from 02am to 06am in improved houses.Conclusion: Housing improvement reduced indoor residual anopheline density and malaria transmission. This highlights the need for Standardization and promotion of similar interventions to prevent malaria in comparable contexts.

scholarly journals Insights into factors sustaining persistence of high malaria transmission in forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Mvoua, South Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Mieguim Ngninpogni ◽  
Cyrille Ndo ◽  
Patrick Ntonga Akono ◽  
Anicet Nguemo ◽  
Amine Nguepi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Kisumu Strain

Abstract Background In Mvoua, a village situated in a forested area of Cameroon, recent studies have reported high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among the population. In order to understand factors that can sustain such a high malaria transmission, we investigated the biology of Anopheles vectors and its susceptibility to insecticides, as well as long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) coverage, use and bio-efficacy. Methods A longitudinal entomological survey was conducted from July 2018 to April 2019. Adult mosquitoes were collected using the human landing catch (HLC) method and identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled from several stagnant water pools throughout the village and reared to generate F1 adults. The presence of P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen was detected in the heads and thoraces of mosquitoes collected as adults using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The insecticide susceptibility status of the local An. gambiae (s.l.) F1 population to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin 0.5% and permethrin 0.75% was determined using World Health Organization-tube bioassays, while the frequency of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation was determined by PCR. Coverage, use and physical integrity of LLINs were assessed in households, then cone assays were used to test for their bio-efficacy on both the reference insecticide-susceptible Kisumu strain and on field F1 An. gambiae (s.l.) Results In total, 110 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, of which 59.1% were identified as Anopheles funestus (s.l.), 38.18% as An. gambiae (s.l.) and 2.72% as An. ziemanii. Anopheles funestus was the most abundant species except in the long rainy season, when An. gambiae (s.l.) predominated (65.8%). In the dry seasons, vectors were principally endophagous (76% of those collected indoors) while they tended to be exophagous (66% of those collected outdoors) in rainy seasons. High Plasmodium infection was observed in An. gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus, with a circumsporozoitic rate of 14.29 and 10.77%, respectively. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides (mortality rates: 32% for permethrin and 5% for deltamethrin) and harbored the kdr-L1014F mutation at a high frequency (89.74%). Of the 80 households surveyed, only 47.69% had achieved universal coverage with LLNs. Around 70% of the LLINs sampled were in poor physical condition, with a proportionate hole index > 300. Of the ten LLNs tested, eight were effective against the An. gambiae reference insecticide-susceptible Kisumu strain, showing mortality rate of > 80%, while none of these LLINs were efficient against local An. gamabie (s.l.) populations (mortality rates < 11.5%). Conclusion A combination of elevated P. falciparum infection in Anopheles vector populations, insufficient coverage and loss of effectiveness of LLINs due to physical degradation, as well as high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is responsible for the persistence of high malaria transmission in forested rural area of Mvoua, Cameroon.

scholarly journals GENOTYPE AND ABO BLOOD GROUP ASSOCIATION WITH PREVALENCE OF MALARIA AMONG PATIENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA MEDICAL CENTER: A CROSS-SECTIONAL EVALUATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Abdulmuminu Isah ◽  
Chibueze Anosike ◽  
Chukwuma Stephen Ogbodo ◽  
Charles Obinna Emeka ◽  
Chukwuemeka Sylvester Nworu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Abo Blood Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of malaria and its relationship with the ABO blood group and genotype at the University of Nigeria Medical Centre. Methods: The study had a prospective cross-sectional design in which malaria status and blood groups and genotype were determined. All collected data were analysed using Statistical product and services Solution (V.21). Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data while Chi-square and Pearson correlation were used to determine associations between malaria prevalence and patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics. Statistical significance was considered for p<0.05. Results: Three hundred and twenty-three (323) patients were tested for malaria, 245(75.9%) of whom tested positive. The prevalence was highest for patient’s aged 19-25 y (28.5%). The difference was statistically significant for age: χ2 (5) = 33.60, p = 0.0005. There were more blood group O (57.6%) among the patients, while AA genotype was the majority (72.4%). Those with blood group O had the highest prevalence of malaria (33.7%) and it was statistically significant (χ2 (3) = 72.10, p = 0.0005)). Correlation showed that the association between blood group and malaria prevalence was moderate (R = 0.457). The AA genotype had more incidence of malaria (54.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria was high among the patients surveyed. Its association with the patients’ ABO blood group was established to be statistically significant, with blood group O having the highest incidence. Although AA genotype was observed to have the highest cases of malaria, the relationship was found not to be significant.

Spatial Distribution of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus and Malaria Transmission in Suba District, Western Kenya

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephat I. Shililu ◽  
Charles M. Mbogo ◽  
Clifford M. Mutero ◽  
James T. Gunter ◽  
Chris Swalm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Western Kenya

scholarly journals Entomological Indicators of Malaria Transmission Prior to a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial of a “Lethal House Lure” Intervention in Central Côte D’Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosine Zlanneu Wolie ◽  
Alphonsine A. Koffi ◽  
Lesley Ayuk-Taylor ◽  
Ludovic P. Ahoua Alou ◽  
Eleanore D. Sternberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background: A study was conducted prior to implementing a cluster randomised controlled trial (CRT) of a lethal house lure strategy in central Côte d’Ivoire and aimed to provide baseline information on malaria vectors in 40 village clusters. Methods: Human landing catches (HLC) was performed between November-December 2016, capturing mosquitoes indoor and outdoor between 18.00-08.00. Mosquitoes were processed for entomological indicators of malaria transmission (human biting rates, parity rates, sporozoite infection rates and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR)). Species composition and allelic frequencies of Kdr-w and Ace-1R mutations were also investigated within the Anopheles gambiae complex. Results: Overall, 15,632 mosquitoes were captured. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus were the two malaria vectors found during the survey period, with predominance for Anopheles gambiae s.l. (66.2%) compared to Anopheles funestus (10.3%). The mean biting rate for An. gambiae s.l. was almost 5 times higher than that for An. funestus s.l.(19.8 bites per person per night for An. gambiae s. l. vs 4.3 bites per person per night for An. funestus s. l.) and this was evident indoor and outdoor. An. funestus was more competent to transmit malaria parasites in the study area, despite relatively lower number tested for sporozoite index (1.6% (1,373) for An. gambiae vs 4.7 % (722) for An. funestus s.l.). There was no significant difference between the proportion infected outdoor and indoor for An. gambiae s.l. (1.6% vs 1.5%; OR=1.11[0.65-1.9]; P=0.676), but for An. funestus, more mosquitoes were infected outdoor (6.4%) than indoor (3.5%) (OR=1.86 [1.07-3.23]; P=0.0249). The majority of both infected vectors with malaria parasites harboured P. falciparum (90.6% for An. gambiae s. l. and 97, 8% for An. funestus s. l.). The EIR for both vectors (0.43 infected bites per night) were similar and there were no significant differences for transmission occurring outdoor and indoor for both species. Of the An. gambiae s.l. analysed, only An. gambiae (14.1%) and An. coluzzii (85.9%) were found. The allelic frequencies of Kdr and Ace-1R were higher in An. gambiae (0.97 for Kdr and 0.19 for Ace-1R) than in An. coluzzii (0.86 for Kdr and 0.10 for Ace-1R) (P<0.001).Conclusion: Despite universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in the area, there was an abundance of malaria vectors in the study in area in central Côte d’Ivoire, specifically highly resistant An. gambiae s.l. as well as An. funestus s.l.. The malaria sporozoite rate was higher in An. funestus s.l than An. gambiae s.l.. but EIR rates in these two species were similarly high, both indoor and outdoor. Novel tools or strategies are urgently needed to further reduce malaria transmission in this area.

scholarly journals Association of ABO Blood Group Phenotype and Allele Frequency with Chikungunya Fever

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pairaya Rujirojindakul ◽  
Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ◽  
Pornprot Limprasert
Keyword(s):  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Abo Blood Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group Allele

Background. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the ABO blood group phenotype and allele frequency with CHIK fever.Methods. A rural community survey in Southern Thailand was conducted in August and September 2010. A total of 506 villagers were enrolled. Cases were defined as individuals having anti-CHIK IgG by hemagglutination ≥1 : 10.Results. There were 314 cases (62.1%) with CHIK seropositivity. Females were less likely to have positive anti-CHIK IgG with odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 0.63 (0.43, 0.93). All samples tested were Rh positive. Distribution of CHIK seropositivity versus seronegativity (Pvalue) in A, B, AB, and O blood groups was 80 versus 46 (0.003), 80 versus 48 (0.005), 24 versus 20 (0.55), and 130 versus 78 (<0.001), respectively. However, chi-square test between ABO and CHIK infection showed no statistical significanceP=0.76. Comparison of the ABO blood group allele frequency between CHIK seropositivity and seronegativity was not statistically significant.Conclusion. This finding demonstrated no association of the ABO blood group phenotypes and allele frequencies with CHIK infection.

scholarly journals Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus biting patterns in Dielmo, an area of low level exposure to malaria vectors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souleymane Doucoure ◽  
Omar Thiaw ◽  
Amélé N. Wotodjo ◽  
Charles Bouganali ◽  
Nafissatou Diagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Outdoor Biting

Abstract Background In Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the Anopheles population. However, persistent low-level malaria transmission may hamper efforts to eliminate the disease. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the vector population is needed in order to improve knowledge of Anopheles biting behaviour and to readjust control interventions.Methods In 2015, Anopheles were collected every month for a whole year and each specimen was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The biting pattern of each species was analysed according to night (7pm–7am) and morning (7am–11am) periods, the place of biting and the season. The ELISA CSP technique was used to assess the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate to evaluate the entomological inoculation rate (EIR).Results Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus sensu stricto were found to be the main vectors biting humans. Overall, the biting rate was low, at 3.84bites per night (bpn) and 1.27 bites per morning (bpm), respectively (IRR =3.04, CI = [1.84-5.00], p<0.001). The EIR was 2.51 and 5.03 infectious bites per year during the night and morning, respectively. During the night, the An. arabiensis and An. funestus biting rate was 1.81 bpn and 1.71 bpn, respectively (IRR=0.95, CI= [0.46-1.92], p=0.88). During the morning, their density decreased to 0.51 bpm and 0.73 bpm for An. arabiensis and An. funestus, respectively (IRR=1.47, CI= [0.58-3.71], p=0.41). During the night and the morning, no specific trend of indoor or outdoor biting was observed in the dry and rainy season for both vectors. Conclusion This study highlighted low level Anopheles nocturnal and diurnal biting and the associated risk of malaria transmission. It showed also the influence of the season on the indoor and outdoor biting pattern, indicating that the human population could be exposed all year round to a low level of Anopheles bites. Control programmes should increase awareness of the use of bed nets throughout the year and promote the development and implementation of complimentary tools to target Anopheles biting shortly after dawn when people are still indoors.

scholarly journals Prevalence, intensity and vector dynamics of malaria in Anambra east local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 073-080
Author(s):  
Udujih Helen Ifeoma ◽  
Dike-Ndudim Joy Nkiru ◽  
Udujih, Obinna Godwin ◽  
Dike Uchechi Pamela ◽  
Amadi Joy Adaku Chibuzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Age Related

The prevalence, intensity and some vector dynamics of malaria in two communities of Anambra East Local Government Area LGA was carried out using standard parasitological and entomological techniques for rapid assessment of malaria infection, level of parasitaemia and morphological features of mosquitoes. Results showed an overall malaria RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) prevalence of 22% and community based prevalence of 13 (30%) and 22(24%) for Umuoba -Anam and Nando respectively. Overall, age related prevalence in the Anambra West LGA showed that the age bracket 35 to 42 years had the highest malaria prevalence 3(42.9 %). Overall sex related prevalence in Anambra East LGA showed no statistical significance in prevalence among males (12.0%) and females (10.0%) (P<0.05). The intensity of malaria infection from each of the communities revealed that both low (50-500 parasites/ µl) and medium (>500-2000 parasites/µl) parasitaemia. There was no high parasitaemia recorded in Umuoba-Anam. Overall, a total of 225 mosquitoes were encountered with anopheles making up 61%. A hundred and twenty one (53.8% of the total mosquito population in the study was found to be unfed with blood meal whereas 54(24%) and 50 (22.2%) were freshly and previously fed respectively. One hundred and twenty one (53.8%) of the mosquitoes appeared non-gravid against 82(36.4%) that are gravid. The mosquitoes encountered were Anopheles gambiae 31(13.8%), Anopheles funestus 77(34.22%), and Culex Specie 117(52%). The two communities recorded variations in prevalence, intensity and vector dynamics. There should be intensified effort to continuously educate the masses on all the strategies of malaria prevention.

scholarly journals Implication of Anopheles funestus in malaria transmission in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landre Djamouko-Djonkam ◽  
Diane Leslie Nkahe ◽  
Edmond Kopya ◽  
Abdou Talipouo ◽  
Carmene Sandra Ngadjeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The City

The contribution of Anopheles funestus to malaria transmission in the urban environment is still not well documented. The present study assesses the implication of An. funestus in malaria transmission in two districts, Nsam and Mendong, in the city of Yaoundé. Adult mosquitoes were collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and human landing catches from April 2017 to March 2018 and were identified morphologically to the species level. Those belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and to the Anopheles funestus group were further processed by PCR to identify members of each complex/group. Anopheline mosquitoes were analysed to determine their infection status using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bioassays were conducted with 2–5-day-old female Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. to determine their susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Six anopheline species were collected in the peri-urban district of Mendong: Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. leesoni, An. ziemanni and An. marshallii; only four out of the six were recorded in Nsam. Of the two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected, An. coluzzii was the most prevalent. Anopheles coluzzii was the most abundant species in Nsam, while An. funestus was the most abundant in Mendong. Both Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. were found to be infected with human Plasmodium at both sites, and both were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin. This study confirms the participation of An. funestus in malaria transmission in Yaoundé and highlights the need to also target this species for sustainable control of malaria transmission.

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