The neuron pioneering the ventral nerve cord does not follow the common pathway of neurogenesis in the polychaete Malacoceros fuliginosus
Abstract Background: Nervous system development is an interplay of many processes: the formation of individual neurons which depends on whole-body and local patterning processes and the coordinated growth of neurites and synapse formation. While knowledge of neural patterning in several animal groups is increasing, data on pioneer neurons that create the early axonal scaffold are scarce. Here we studied the early steps of nervous system development in the annelid Malacoceros fuliginosus.Results: We find that the first pioneer neurons are already in place in the anterior and posterior pole when broad neurogenesis is just starting. They do not express serotonin or FMRFamide which are commonly used markers in studies on nervous system architecture. A single posterior neuron prefigures the main course of the ventral nerve cord and this mode is probably ancestral for majority of annelids. Notably, none of the studied sox and proneural genes, which are commonly involved in the generation of neurons, is expressed by this important neuron. The only transcription factor we found expressed is Brn3, which likely acts on a low hierarchical level.Conclusions: We propose that the annelid ventral nerve cord pioneer neuron follows a highly divergent course of neurogenesis. The lack of Sox and proneural transcription factors, which are usually under control of patterning cell-extrinsic factors suggest a major influence of inherited cell-intrinsic properties on the development of this cell. Though cell-autonomous specification is generally an important pathway in the early development of spirally cleaving animals, its relevance for nervous system development is poorly understood. Our data suggest that closer investigation of the specification of pioneer neurons in animals featuring spiral cleavage will be highly informative to obtain a better understanding of how nervous systems form and evolve.