scholarly journals National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemechu Tadesse Leta ◽  
Kalkidan Mekete ◽  
Yonas Wuletaw ◽  
Abeba Gebretsadik ◽  
Heven Sime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: An accurate understanding of the geographical distributions of both soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) and schistosomes (SCH; Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium) is pivotal to be able to effectively design and implement mass drug administration (MDA) programmes. The objective of this study was to provide up-to-date data on the distribution of both STH and SCH in Ethiopia to inform the design of the national control program and to be able to efficiently achieve the 75% MDA coverage target set by the WHO.Methods: Between 2013 and 2015, we assessed the distributions of STH and SCH infections in a nationwide survey covering 153,238 school-aged children (aged 5–15 years), from 625 woredas (districts), representing all nine Regional States and two City Administrations of Ethiopia. Nationwide disease maps were developed at the woreda level to enable recommendations on the design of the national MDA programme.Results: The prevalence of any STH infection across the study population was 21.7%, with A. lumbricoides (12.8%) being the most prevalent STH, followed by hookworms (7.6%) and T. trichiura (5.9%). The prevalence for any SCH was 4.0% in areas where both SCH species were evaluated. Schistosoma mansoni was the most prevalent SCH (3.5 vs 0.3%). STHs were more prevalent in southwest Ethiopia, whereas SCH was found mostly in the west and northeast of the country. The prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infections was 2.0% for STHs and 1.6% for SCH. For STH, a total of 251 woredas were classified as moderately (n = 178) or highly endemic (n = 73), and therefore qualify for an annual and biannual MDA program, respectively. For SCH, 67 woredas were classified as endemic and 8 as highly endemic, and hence they require every two years and annual MDA programme, respectively.Conclusions: The results confirm that Ethiopia is endemic for both STHs and SCH, posing a significant public health problem. Following the WHO recommendations on mass drug administration, 18 and 14 million school-aged children are in need of MDA for STHs and SCH, respectively, based on the number of SACs that live on the eligible geographical areas.

scholarly journals National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemechu Tadesse Leta ◽  
Kalkidan Mekete ◽  
Yonas Wuletaw ◽  
Abeba Gebretsadik ◽  
Heven Sime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: An accurate understanding of the geographical distributions of both soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) and schistosomes (SCH; Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium) is pivotal to be able to effectively design and implement mass drug administration (MDA) programs. The objective of this study was to provide up-to-date data on the distribution of both STH and SCH in Ethiopia to inform the design of the national control program and to be able to efficiently achieve the 75% MDA coverage target set by the WHO.Methods: Between 2013 and 2015, we assessed the distributions of STH and SCH infections in a nationwide survey covering 153,238 school-aged children (aged five to 15 years), from 625 woredas (districts), representing all nine Regional States and two City Administrations of Ethiopia. Nationwide disease maps were developed at the woreda level to enable recommendations on the design of the national MDA program.Results: The prevalence of any STH infection across the study population was 21.7%, with A. lumbricoides (12.8%) being the most prevalent STH, followed by hookworms (7.6%) and T. trichiura (5.9%). The prevalence for any SCH was 4.0% in areas where both SCH species were evaluated. S. mansoni was the most prevalent SCH (3.5% vs. 0.3%). STHs were more prevalent in southwest Ethiopia, whereas SCH was found mostly in the west and northeast of the country. The prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infections was 2.0% for STHs and 1.6% for SCH. For STH, a total of 251 woredas were classified as moderately (178) or highly endemic (73), and therefore qualify for an annual and biannual MDA program, respectively. For SCH, 67 woredas were classified as endemic and 8 as highly endemic, and hence they require every two years and annual MDA program, respectively. Conclusions: The results confirm that Ethiopia is endemic for both STHs and SCH, posing a significant public health problem. Following WHO recommendations on mass drug administration, 18 and 14 million school-aged children are in need of MDA for STHs and SCH respectively based on the number of SACs that live on the eligible geographic areas.

scholarly journals National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemechu Tadesse Leta ◽  
Kalkidan Mekete ◽  
Yonas Wuletaw ◽  
Abeba Gebretsadik ◽  
Heven Sime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background : An accurate understanding of the geographical distributions of both soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , and the hookworms ( Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale ) and schistosomes (SCH; Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium ) is pivotal to be able to effectively design and implement mass drug administration (MDA) programs. The objective of this study was to provide up-to-date data on the distribution of both STH and SCH in Ethiopia to inform the design of the national control program and to be able to efficiently achieve the 75% MDA coverage target set by the WHO. Methods : Between 2013 and 2015, we assessed the distributions of STH and SCH infections in a nationwide survey covering 153,238 school-aged children (aged five to 15 years), from 625 woredas (districts), representing all nine Regional States and two City Administrations of Ethiopia. Nationwide disease maps were developed at the woreda level to enable recommendations on the design of the national MDA program. Results: The prevalence of any STH infection across the study population was 21.7%, with A. lumbricoides (12.8%) being the most prevalent STH, followed by hookworms (7.6%) and T. trichiura (5.9%). The prevalence for any SCH was 4.0% in areas where both SCH species were evaluated. S. mansoni was the most prevalent SCH (3.5% vs. 0.3%). STHs were more prevalent in southwest Ethiopia, whereas SCH was found mostly in the west and northeast of the country. The prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infections was 2.0% for STHs and 1.6% for SCH. For STH, a total of 251 woredas were classified as moderately (178) or highly endemic (73), and therefore qualify for an annual and biannual MDA program, respectively. For SCH, 67 woredas were classified as endemic and 8 as highly endemic, and hence they require every two years and annual MDA program, respectively. Conclusions : The results confirm that Ethiopia is endemic for both STHs and SCH, posing a significant public health problem. Following WHO recommendations on mass drug administration, 18 and 14 million school-aged children are in need of MDA for STHs and SCH respectively based on the number of SACs that live on the eligible geographic areas.

scholarly journals National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemechu Tadesse Leta ◽  
Kalkidan Mekete ◽  
Yonas Wuletaw ◽  
Abeba Gebretsadik ◽  
Heven Sime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: The geographical distributions of both soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascarislumbricoides, Trichuristrichiura, and the hookworms (Necatoramericanus and Ancylostomaduodenale) and schistosomes (SCH; Schistosomamansoni and S. haematobium) are pivotal to be able to effectively design and implement mass drug administration (MDA) programs. The objective of this mapping was to provide up-to-date data on the distribution of both STH and SCH for Ethiopia to inform the national control program.Methodology: Between 2013 and 2015, we assessed the distributions of STHs and SCH in a nationwide survey covering 153,238 school-aged children (aged five to 15 years), from 786woredas (districts), representing all nine Regional States and two City Administrations of Ethiopia. From these surveys, nationwide disease maps were developed which allow recommendations to be made on the implementation of MDA programs.Principal findings: The prevalence of any STH infection across the study population was 21.7%, with A. lumbricoides (12.8%) the most prevalent, followed by hookworms (7.5%) and T. trichiura (5.9%). The prevalence for any SCH was 3.8%, with S. mansoni (3.5%) the dominant and S. haematobium was less prevalent (0.3%).STHs were more prevalent in southwest Ethiopia, whereas SCH found mostly in the west and northeast of the country. The prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infections was 2% for STHs and 1.6% for SCH. Based on the disease maps and on WHO guidance for STH, 279 woredas were classified as highly endemic and therefore qualify for treatment twice per year and 215 woredas were moderate endemic and qualify for treatment once per year. For SCH, 69 woredas were classified as highly endemic and qualify for treatment once per year and 153 woredas were moderate endemic and qualify for treatment every two years. Conclusions/Significance: the results confirm that Ethiopia is endemic for both STHs and SCH, posing a significant public health problem. Following the WHO recommendations on mass drug administration, 18 and 14 million school-aged children are in need of MDA for STHs and SCH respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of coverage of mass drug administration programme conducted in Nalgonda district of Telangana state

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Praveena Ganapa ◽  
Kishore Y. Jothula ◽  
Vishweswara Rao Guthi ◽  
P. Abhishek ◽  
V. Jyothi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Endemic District ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Coverage Rates

Background: Lymphatic filariasis has been a major public health problem in India. Government of India during 2004 initiated Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with annual single dose of DEC tablets to all the population living at the risk of filariasis. Nalgonda is endemic district where MDA programme is undertaken every year to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the coverage and compliance rates of the MDA programme conducted during January 2018.Methods: The guidelines of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) were used to select a total of 129 households from four clusters (three rural and one urban). Each household was visited by a team and data was recorded on pre-structured questionnaire available in operational guidelines manual of NVBDCP. Data analyzed by SPSS version 22.Results: Total of 129 households were included in the study, Among the 523 study population, only 494 were eligible population to receive MDA. Current study shows that coverage rate was 79.84% and compliance rate was 84.6%. Fear of side effects was most common reason for noncompliance.Conclusions: Efforts should be made to improve coverage rates by involving more human resources, supervision and incentives. Though compliance rates were higher than required there is need to maintain these rates by IEC activities and community participation. 

scholarly journals Current status of Schistosoma mansoni infection among previously treated rural communities in the Abbey and Didessa Valleys, Western Ethiopia: Implications for sustainable control

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247312
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Assefa ◽  
Berhanu Erko ◽  
Svein Gunnar Gundersen ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
Nega Berhe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Western Ethiopia

Background Schistosoma constitutes a major public health problem and developmental challenges in the majority of developing and subtropical regions. The World Health Organization has set guidelines for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Ethiopia is providing school-based Mass Drug Administration (MDA) at the study areas of the Abbey and Didessa Valleys of western Ethiopian since 2015. Moreover, mass treatment was already done in the same villages 30 years ago. However, the current Schistosoma mansoni infection status among humans and snails in the study areas is not known. Hence, the present study aims to determine the current status. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the three communities; Chessega, Agallu Metti and Shimala in Schistosoma mansoni endemic areas of the Abbey and Didessa valleys in Western Ethiopia. Using the list of households obtained from the Kebele administration, a systematic sampling technique was used to select households in each village. Results Even though the area is under the Ethiopian national Mass Drug Administration campaign, the present study reports prevalence above 50%. Although the majority of the infections were moderate, we found that 13% had heavy infection, above 400 eggs per gram of stool, which is at the same level as before the treatment campaign 30 years ago. The infection was significantly higher among those below 12 years of age, among non-attending school-age children and daily laborers. Conclusion Schistosoma mansoni infection is still a public health problem in the study areas, despite control efforts already 30 years ago and present mass treatment in the last years. We suggest making the mass treatment campaign just early after the rainy season, when the snails are washed away. This should be supplemented with provisions of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and reduction of water contact and possible snail control efforts’ to prevent reinfection.

scholarly journals Does mass drug administration affect Schistosoma mansoni infection trends in West Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (06.1) ◽  
pp. 72S-77S
Author(s):  
Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke ◽  
Ayenew Addisu ◽  
Abebe Genetu Bayih ◽  
Hannock Tweya ◽  
Collins Timire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
District Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
School Aged Children

Introduction: Schistosomiasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases in Ethiopia. Since 2015, yearly school-based mass drug administration (MDA) using praziquantel has become the major control strategy. This study aimed to assess trends of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a high-endemic area in Northwest Ethiopia. Methodology: Data were extracted from routine laboratory logbooks at two health centers in West Dembia district, Amhara region, for the period 2013-2018. Wet-mount direct microscopy was used to diagnose intestinal parasites. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions of S. mansoni-positive results before and after the start of MDA with praziquantel, across sex, age groups, and seasons. Results: Data of 8002 stool tests was extracted. The proportion of S. mansoni progressively decreased from 9.6% in 2013 to 4.1% in 2018 in the overall patient population and from 20.3% in 2013 to 8.8% in 2018 in school-aged children. However, a declining trend of S. mansoni was observed before the launch of MDA and remained constant after the start of the MDA. The positivity rate was significantly higher in males and in the 5-14 years age group. S .mansoni infection in school aged children showed significant seasonal variation. Conclusions: The declined trend of S. mansoni positivity rate is encouraging and may be related to the existence of intervention packages. Although the timing of MDA was related with low positivity rate of S. mansoni infection, it has not resulted in the expected beneficial effect. Therefore, the district health office should work on both MDA and other interventions.

scholarly journals Schistosoma mansoni Mass Drug Administration Regimens and Their Effect on Morbidity among Schoolchildren over a 5-Year Period—Kenya, 2010–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita D. Sircar ◽  
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi ◽  
Isaac O. Onkanga ◽  
Ryan E. Wiegand ◽  
Susan P. Montgomery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration

scholarly journals The Health and Economic Burdens of Lymphatic Filariasis Prior to Mass Drug Administration Programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2561-2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G Mathew ◽  
Alison A Bettis ◽  
Brian K Chu ◽  
Mike English ◽  
Eric A Ottesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Life Years

Abstract Background The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000 with the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem by 2020. Despite considerable progress, the current prevalence is around 60% of the 2000 figure, with the deadline looming a year away. Consequently, there is a continued need for investment in both the mass drug administration (MDA) and morbidity management programs, and this paper aims to demonstrate that need by estimating the health and economic burdens of LF prior to MDA programs starting in GPELF areas. Methods A previously developed model was used to estimate the numbers of individuals infected and individuals with symptomatic disease, along with the attributable number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The economic burden was calculated by quantifying the costs incurred by the health-care system in managing clinical cases, the patients’ out-of-pocket costs, and their productivity costs. Results Prior to the MDA program, approximately 129 million people were infected with LF, of which 43 million had clinical disease, corresponding to a DALY burden of 5.25 million. The average annual economic burden per chronic case was US $115, the majority of which resulted from productivity costs. The total economic burden of LF was estimated at US $5.8 billion annually. Conclusions These results demonstrate the magnitude of the LF burden and highlight the continued need to support the GPELF. Patients with clinical disease bore the majority of the economic burden, but will not benefit much from the current MDA program, which is aimed at reducing transmission. This assessment further highlights the need to scale up morbidity management programs.

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