Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in Children
Abstract Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is the most common chronic mental and behavioral disorder among children. We aimed to derive major dietary patterns in relation with ADHD through a case-control study. Participants were selected from age-gender matched children and adolescents who were categorized into case (n = 120) and control groups (n = 240). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was used to diagnose ADHD. Food frequency questionnaire and principal component analysis were used to measure food intake and identify major dietary patterns, respectively. The snack-fast food dietary pattern significantly increased odds of ADHD in fully adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.39-7.84; P for trend < 0.001). Fish and low fat dairy products dietary pattern is protectively associated with ADHD (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.91; P for trend = 0.02). Vegetable and nut dietary pattern showed no significant relation with possibility of ADHD (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.40-1.90; P for trend = 0.53). Children are suggested to reduce intake of snack and fast food dietary pattern and increase fish and low fat dairy products, and legumes to reduce the chance of ADHD.