scholarly journals Combined Use of Antibiotics as a Risk Factor for Health Care–Associated Infections: A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Liang Zhang ◽  
Fang-bin Li
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Care Associated Infections ◽  
Control Study

Abstract BackgroundAntibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications. Many studies suggest an increased risk of health care–associated infections (HAIs) among antibiotic users. However，most related studies have focused only on a single type of HAIs, but considering the complexity and extent of the subject, it is necessary to conduct extensive research. We conducted a case-control study to determine the association between antibiotic combination therapy and risk of HAIs. MethodsRetrospective case-control study in a teaching hospital in Northwest China. Cases of 216 patients were diagnosed as HAIs during hospitalization between January 2019 and December 2019. Use antibiotics on admission and before the occurrence of HAIs were compared with 428 patients without HAIs during the same period, and matched by department.ResultsNinety-one of 216 health care–associated infections, 157 of 428 Patients without health care–associated infections prescribed antibiotics on admission and before the occurrence of HAIs. After multi-variable analysis, Compared with patients without HAIs, the OR for antibiotics combination exposure in cases was 5.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.62-11.24], and the OR for antibiotics exposure in cases was 0.23 (95% CI 0.12-0.43).ConclusionsCombined use of antibiotics increases the risk of HAIs. In addition, Use of antibiotics before the diagnosis of HAIs is conducted associated with HAIs, and is the main protective factor.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis Patients Who Are A Potential Source for Unprotected Exposure in Health Care Systems: A Multicenter Case Control Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Cadena ◽  
Norys A Castro-Pena ◽  
Heta Javeri ◽  
Brian Hernandez ◽  
Joel Michalek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chest Radiograph ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Setting Five health care systems in Texas. Objective To describe the epidemiology of inadequate isolation for pulmonary tuberculosis leading to tuberculosis (TB) exposures from confirmed TB patients and the patient factors that led to the exposures. Design A retrospective cohort and case-control study of adult patients with TB resulting in exposures (cases) vs those TB patients who did not result in exposures (controls) during January 2005 to December 2012. Results There were 335 patients with pulmonary TB disease, 199 cases and 136 controls. There was no difference between groups in age (46 ± 14.6 vs 45 ± 17 years; P > .05), race, or substance abuse. Cases were more likely to be transplant recipients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 18.90; 95% CI, 1.9–187.76), have typical TB chest radiograph (AOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.1–4.51), and have positive acid-fast bacilli stains (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.31–4.27). Cases were less likely to have extrapulmonary disease (AOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24–0.95). Conclusions TB exposure resulting from inadequate isolation is frequent in health care settings. Extrapulmonary involvement resulted in earlier airborne isolation. Being a transplant recipient, having chest radiograph findings typical for TB, and sputum positivity acid-fast bacilli upon staining were associated with increased risk of inadequate isolation.

scholarly journals CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN PAKISTAN: CASE CONTROL STUDY, 2012-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Ansari J A ◽  
Mumtaz A Khan ◽  
Ranjha M A ◽  
Rathore T R ◽  
Khan G ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tannery Workers ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Animal Handlers

Background: Sporadic cases of CCHF continue to occur since first known fatality in 1976 in Pakistan. This study was conducted to identify the population groups more at risk to acquire CCHF infection. Methods: A case-control study comprising record review of the lab investigations sent to National Institute of Health, Islamabad was conducted from 2012 to 2015. A case was defined as any blood sample confirmed to be CCHF using RT-PCR testing. A total of 255 confirmed cases and 510 sex matched controls were randomly selected during January 2012-December 2015. Controls were selected from the samples which tested negative for CCHF on RTPCR. Data from all suspected cases were collected on a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to find associations using Epi-Info and SPSS. Results: among 255 confirmed CCHF cases male were 80%. Baluchistan reported maximum number of cases (55%).The most affected age group was above 41 years (n=143, attack rate 0.45/100,000). In multivariate analysis the risk factors remained significantly associated with the CCHF were contact with Positive CCHF case (OR 3.77; 95% CI 2.49-5.71), health care workers (OR 3.76; 95% CI 2.22-6.36), butchers (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.19-4.3.25), animal handlers (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.12-2.72) and tannery workers (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.22-2.72). Drivers and persons with travel history to endemic areas were significant in univaraite analysis but remained insignificant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Contact with the positive CCHF case and workers like health care professionals, butchers, animal handlers and tannery workers are at increased risk for CCHF. Educational intervention is recommended to control the CCHF.   

scholarly journals Family alcohol use, rather than childhood trauma, is more likely to cause male alcohol use disorder: findings from a case-control study in northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Chen ◽  
Yunmeng Pan ◽  
Peiru Xu ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Objective To explore the influence of childhood trauma and family alcohol use on male alcohol use disorder. Methods We conducted a case-control study using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and a structured interview involving 129 men with alcohol use disorder and 129 healthy male volunteers. The two groups were compared in terms of childhood trauma, parental drinking behavior, and attitudes toward childhood drinking. Results Patients showed higher scores of CTQ than controls on childhood trauma experiences, including on the subscales of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect. Higher proportions of patients than controls had fathers who drank seven or more times a week, and had mothers who were opposed to childhood drinking. Conversely, a smaller proportion of patients than controls had fathers who opposed childhood drinking. Patients were more likely than controls to have been induced to drink as children. Logistic regression analysis identified three risk factors for alcohol use disorder: induced drinking during childhood [odds ratio (OR) 6.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.56–14.51], the father’s weekly alcohol consumption during the respondent’s childhood (OR 4.40, 95%CI 2.94–6.58) and history of smoking (OR 3.39, 95%CI 1.48–7.77). Conversely, more years of education were a protective factor against alcohol use disorder (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.99). Conclusions Men whose fathers drank frequently during their childhood and were encouraged to drink may be at increased risk of alcohol use disorder in adulthood. In fact these factors of family alcohol use appear to increase risk of alcohol use disorder among adult men more than exposure to childhood trauma does.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Its Symptoms’ Panoply: A Case-Control Study of 919 Suspected Cases in Locked-Down Ovar, Portugal

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Regina Sá ◽  
Tiago Pinho-Bandeira ◽  
Guilherme Queiroz ◽  
Joana Matos ◽  
João Duarte Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Study

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Ovar was the first Portuguese municipality to declare active community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with total lockdown decreed on March 17, 2020. This context provided conditions for a large-scale testing strategy, allowing a referral system considering other symptoms besides the ones that were part of the case definition (fever, cough, and dyspnea). This study aims to identify other symptoms associated with COVID-19 since it may clarify the pre-test probability of the occurrence of the disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This case-control study uses primary care registers between March 29 and May 10, 2020 in Ovar municipality. Pre-test clinical and exposure-risk characteristics, reported by physicians, were collected through a form, and linked with their laboratory result. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The study population included a total of 919 patients, of whom 226 (24.6%) were COVID-19 cases and 693 were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Only 27.1% of the patients reporting contact with a confirmed or suspected case tested positive. In the multivariate analysis, statistical significance was obtained for headaches (OR 0.558), odynophagia (OR 0.273), anosmia (OR 2.360), and other symptoms (OR 2.157). The interaction of anosmia and odynophagia appeared as possibly relevant with a borderline statistically significant OR of 3.375. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> COVID-19 has a wide range of symptoms. Of the myriad described, the present study highlights anosmia itself and calls for additional studies on the interaction between anosmia and odynophagia. Headaches and odynophagia by themselves are not associated with an increased risk for the disease. These findings may help clinicians in deciding when to test, especially when other diseases with similar symptoms are more prevalent, namely in winter.

scholarly journals Irritable bowel syndrome and Parkinson’s disease risk: register-based studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojing Liu ◽  
Arvid Sjölander ◽  
Nancy L. Pedersen ◽  
Jonas F. Ludvigsson ◽  
Honglei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Swedish Twin Registry

AbstractTo examine whether irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was related to the future risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), we conducted a nested case-control study in the Swedish total population including 56,564 PD cases identified from the Swedish Patient Register and 30 controls per case individually matched by sex and year of birth. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for having a prior diagnosis of IBS were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We furthermore conducted a cohort study using the Swedish Twin Registry following 3046 IBS patients identified by self-reported abdominal symptoms and 41,179 non-IBS individuals. Through Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for PD risk. In the nested case-control study, 253 (0.4%) PD cases and 5204 (0.3%) controls had a previous IBS diagnosis. IBS diagnosis was associated with a 44% higher risk of PD (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.27–1.63). Temporal relationship analyses showed 53% and 38% increased risk of PD more than 5 and 10 years after IBS diagnosis, respectively. In the cohort analysis based on the Swedish Twin Registry, there was no statistically significantly increased risk of PD related to IBS (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.87–1.81). Our results suggest a higher risk of PD diagnosis after IBS. These results provide additional evidence supporting the importance of the gut–brain axis in PD.

scholarly journals Relation of severe COVID-19 to polypharmacy and prescribing of psychotropic drugs: the REACT-SCOT case-control study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. McKeigue ◽  
◽  
Sharon Kennedy ◽  
Amanda Weir ◽  
Jen Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of severe COVID-19 to prior drug prescribing. Methods Severe cases were defined by entry to critical care or fatal outcome. For this matched case-control study (REACT-SCOT), all 4251 cases of severe COVID-19 in Scotland since the start of the epidemic were matched for age, sex and primary care practice to 36,738 controls from the population register. Records were linked to hospital discharges since June 2015 and dispensed prescriptions issued in primary care during the last 240 days. Results Severe COVID-19 was strongly associated with the number of non-cardiovascular drug classes dispensed. This association was strongest in those not resident in a care home, in whom the rate ratio (95% CI) associated with dispensing of 12 or more drug classes versus none was 10.8 (8.8, 13.3), and in those without any of the conditions designated as conferring increased risk of COVID-19. Of 17 drug classes postulated at the start of the epidemic to be “medications compromising COVID”, all were associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 and these associations were present in those without any of the designated risk conditions. The fraction of cases in the population attributable to exposure to these drug classes was 38%. The largest effect was for antipsychotic agents: rate ratio 4.18 (3.42, 5.11). Other drug classes with large effects included proton pump inhibitors (rate ratio 2.20 (1.72, 2.83) for = 2 defined daily doses/day), opioids (3.66 (2.68, 5.01) for = 50 mg morphine equivalent/day) and gabapentinoids. These associations persisted after adjusting for covariates and were stronger with recent than with non-recent exposure. Conclusions Severe COVID-19 is associated with polypharmacy and with drugs that cause sedation, respiratory depression, or dyskinesia; have anticholinergic effects; or affect the gastrointestinal system. These associations are not easily explained by co-morbidity. Measures to reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 should include reinforcing existing guidance on reducing overprescribing of these drug classes and limiting inappropriate polypharmacy. Registration ENCEPP number https://EUPAS35558

scholarly journals Recent MMR vaccination in Health Care Workers and Covid-19: a test negative case-control study

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Lundberg ◽  
Maria Bygdell ◽  
Gustaf Stukat von Feilitzen ◽  
Susanne Woxenius ◽  
Claes Ohlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study
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