Same People, Different Results: Categorizing Cancer Registry Cases across the Rural-Urban Continuum

Abstract Background: Many rural-urban indexes are utilized in United States cancer research. This variation introduces inconsistencies between studies with a rural-urban component. Recommendations to date on which index to utilize have prioritized index geographical unit over feasibility of index inclusion in analysis. We evaluated rural-urban indexes and recommend one index for use to increase comparability across studies. Methods: We assessed nine U.S. rural-urban indexes regarding their respective rural and urban code ranges; geographical unit, land area, and population distributions; percent agreement; suitability as continuous variables in analysis; and feasibility of integration into national, state, and local cancer research. We referenced 1,569 Wisconsin Pancreatic Cancer Registry patients to demonstrate how rural-urban index choice impacts patient categorization. Results: Six indexes categorized rural and urban areas. Indexes agreed on binary rural-urban designation for 88.8% of the U.S. population. As ternary variables, they agreed for 83.4%. For cancer registry patients, this decreased to 73.4% and 60.4% agreement, respectively. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) performed the best with ability to differentiate metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural counties, are available for retrospective and prospective studies, and can be coded continuously for analysis. Conclusions: Whether a patient was categorized as urban or rural changed depending on which index was used when applied to a cancer registry data set. We conclude that RUCC is an appropriate and feasible rural-urban index to include in cancer research, as it is standardly available in national cancer registries in its 9-code format and can be matched to patient’s county of residence for local research and it had the least amount of fluctuation of the indices analyzed. Utilizing RUCC as a continuous variable across studies with a rural-urban component will increase reproducibility and comparability of results and eliminate the choice of rural-urban index as a potential source of discrepancy between studies. Trial registration: Not applicable

Download Full-text

Oncology Care in Rural Northern New England

Journal of Oncology Practice ◽

10.1200/jop.200015 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 81-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ali Johnson ◽

Judy R. Rees ◽

Molly Schwenn ◽

Bruce Riddle ◽

Castine Verrill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

New England ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Oncology Care ◽

Northern New England

This study coordinates data analysis among central cancer registries in multiple states to examine differences in care between rural and urban areas.

Download Full-text

Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s0081305200013200 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 31-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David L. Debertin

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Local Level ◽

Educational Process ◽

Elementary And Secondary Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Educational Production ◽

State And Local

Public elementary and secondary education represent the largest single expenditure by units of state and local governments. Nearly 30 percent of all tax dollars raised at the state and local level is spent for funding public elementary and secondary schools. The magnitude of expenditures for public education relative to other public goods makes questions concerning resource allocation for this service extremely important. It is not surprising that a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining if the educational process can be made more efficient.Politicians, school administrators and other decision-makers who deal with school finance problems in rural and urban areas face a key policy question concerning the educational production process: “Does the spending of additional tax dollars in local public schools necessarily insure increased scholastic achievement for all students?”

Download Full-text

Penerapan Metode Two Step Cluster dalam Analisis Menu Engineering pada Usaha Kuliner

Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer ◽

10.25126/jtiik.2020722012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 359

Author(s):

Nina Setiyawati ◽

Dwi Hosanna Bangkalang

Keyword(s):

Bayesian Information Criterion ◽

Information Criterion ◽

Continuous Variable ◽

Cluster Method ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Cluster Number ◽

Menu Item ◽

Data Set ◽

Contribution Margin ◽

Menu Analysis

Dalam usaha kuliner, analisis menu perlu dilakukan untuk melihat keseimbangan antara food cost, harga menu, popularitas item, juga pertimbangan finansial dan pemasaran. Menu engineering merupakan metodologi untuk mengelompokkan menu berdasar pada margin kontribusi dan popularitas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis menu engineering pada suatu Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di Kota Salatiga yang bergerak di bidang kuliner menggunakan Two-Step Cluster yang dapat menggali cluster alami sesuai dengan kumpulan data menu yang ada sehingga akan ditemukan jumlah cluster yang optimal. Two-Step Cluster adalah metode yang dapat menangani variabel kategori dan kontinu, oleh karena itu dilakukanlah adaptasi model menu engineering yang diusulkan Kasavana dan Smith (1982) dengan menambahkan variabel category, sehingga dengan menggunakan Two-Step Cluster dapat dilihat mayoritas kategori menu yang menjadi anggota pada setiap cluster. Adaptasi juga dilakukan dalam kelompok variabel kontinu, yaitu dengan menambahkan variabel revenue yang digunakan untuk perbandingan pada hasil cluster. Dengan indikator Schwarz's Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) dihasilkanlah jumlah cluster optimal yaitu 4 cluster dengan anggota paling sedikit pada cluster “popularitas tinggi dan mempunyai margin kontribusi yang berada di atas rata-rata”. Pengujian clustering dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Silhoutte dan menunjukkan kualitas cluster yang dihasilkan memiliki nilai Silhoutte yang besar yaitu 0,7. Hal ini membuktikan cluster-cluster yang terbentuk telah terklasterisasi dengan baik. Adapun manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah didapatkannya rekomendasi kebijakan baru untuk setiap cluster yang dihasilkan sehingga dapat digunakan pemilik UMKM dalam upaya peningkatan revenue usaha. AbstractIn culinary business, menu analysis is needed to see the balance of food cost, menu item prices, item popularity, as well as the financial and marketing considerations. Menu engineering is a method to group menu according to the contribution margin and popularity. The present study conducts a menu analysis to a Small Medium Enterprise (SME) in culinary business in Salatiga by implementing Two-Step Cluster analysis. It aims to find the natural clusters based on the existing menu data set to discover the optimal cluster number. Two-Step Cluster is a method that can be used to process categorical and continuous variables. In this study, the menu engineering model by Kasavana and Smith (1982) was adapted by adding the categorical variable. Therefore, by using the Two-Step Cluster method, the majority of menu category in each cluster can be seen. This adaption was also implemented in the continuous variable group by adding the revenue variable used for the comparison of the cluster results. With Schwarz's Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indicator, the results of the study show there are four clusters, in which “the highest popularity and the contribution margin above the average” cluster has the least members. Using Silhouette method, clustering testing was conducted, indicating the cluster quality result with 0,7 Silhouette value. As for the benefit of the study, new strategic recommendations can be generated for the resulted clusters based on which SME owners can improve their revenue.

Download Full-text

Financial Status of Rural and Urban Dalit of Kaski District

Journal of Nepalese Business Studies ◽

10.3126/jnbs.v14i1.41500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 130-141

Author(s):

Hari Bahadur Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Primary Data ◽

Urban Region ◽

Data Set ◽

Financial Status ◽

Financial Position ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Study Results

The primary objective of this paper is to describe and measure financial status of the Bishowkarma, Pariyar, and Nepali caste in the rural and urban regions of Kaski district of Nepal. The study has used descriptive research design and judgmental and quota sampling with an equal 150 samples of the rural and urban areas including 50 samples of each caste. A set of close-ended questionnaires was used to collect data from primary sources. The collected data were analyzed with the help of statistical tools like frequencies, weighted mean, and percentage using MS-Word, MS-Excel, and SPSS. The Bishwokarma caste has good financial status in the urban area followed by Nepali and Pariyar. However, in a rural area, the Nepali caste has a better financial position followed by Pariyar and Bishwokarma. The study results indicate people living in the urban areas have a stronger financial position with an overall mean score of 3.02 compared to people living in the rural areas with an overall mean score of 2.85. The concerned government bodies need to give special care to uplift the financial status of the Pariyar people in the urban region and the Bishwokarma people in the rural region. Thus, this study conveys a comprehensive picture of the financial status of rural and urban Dalits of Kaski District which could be the baseline data set for future study and primary data sources for local stakeholders.

Download Full-text

Modelos matemáticos para crescimento e produção de peso de creme comestível de palmito, em árvores individuais de Euterpe edulis Mart.

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v28i12.2310 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Jeferson L.G. Wendling ◽

Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ◽

Sérgio Ahrens

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Tree Age ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Data Set ◽

Edible Part ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Euterpe Edulis ◽

Rural And Urban

Este trabalho consiste em recomendar modelos matemáticos para representar o crescimento e a produção, de variáveis dimensionais, especialmente o peso de creme de palmito em função da idade, para árvores de Eurtepe edulis Mart.. Os dados foram obtidos em 110 árvores, com idades conhecidas, plantadas a céu aberto em propriedades rurais e urbanas, nos municípios de Antonina, Guaraqueçaba e Morretes, no Estado do Paraná. Para estimar a produção do Peso de Creme, primeiro as variáveis de fácil mensuração foram feitas função da idade, obtendo-se em seguida as predições para o Peso de Creme, a partir do DAP e da Altura de Estipe (estimados), ajustando-se os dados à equação Y = b.DAP + c.(DAP2 . Hestipe). Para a série de dados estudada, conclui-se que: o Modelo de Gompertz foi o mais apropriado para representar o crescimento e a produção em função da Idade, e a utilização deste modelo em plantios comerciais de palmito, poderá representar satisfatoriamente o crescimento propiciando estimativas realistas para a produção desejada de creme de palmito. Growth and yield models for the edible heart of the Euterpe edulis mart. palm tree Abstract This paper shows mathematical models to express the growth and yield of the edible part of the Brazilian heart palm tree Euterpe edulis Mart.. Data to fit the models came from 110 sample trees with age known and planted under full light conditions in rural and urban areas of Antonina, Guaraqueçaba and Morretes counties, eastern Paraná State, southern Brazil. To estimate yield in terms of the edible part of the palm trees, firstly the easily measurable variables were made functions of tree age and converted to give predictions directly from DBH and stem height by using the following equation: Y = b.DBH + c.(DBH2 . Hstem). The most suitable equation was selected by analyzing the best of fit for the data set used in this study. The model of Gompertz was that best represented the growth and yield of the heart palm tree as a function of tree age. The selected model can be considered satisfactory and useful in predicting the edible part of the heart palm tree and, therefore, it can be recommended for its estimation.

Download Full-text

Sanitation coverage in Bangladesh since the millennium: consistency matters

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2013.154 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 240-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Y. Zheng ◽

S. A. I. Hakim ◽

Q. Nahar ◽

A. van Agthoven ◽

S. V. Flanagan

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Equity Issue ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Data Set ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Joint Monitoring

Household surveys in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2009 assessed sanitation access using questions that differed significantly over time, resulting in apparently inconsistent findings. Applying the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme's 2008 definition for open defecation and improved sanitation facilities excluding shared facilities to the compiled data set, sensible sanitation coverage trends emerge. The percentage of households openly defecating declined at a rate of about 1.8% per year from 30% in 1994 to 6.8% in 2009, primarily due to changes in rural areas. Access to individual improved sanitation facilities nearly doubled from about 30% in 2006 to 57% in 2009, with both rural and urban areas showing impressive progress. Access to shared improved latrines also nearly doubled from about 13% in 2006 to 24% in 2009, with the urban slums recording the greatest gain from 17% in 2006 to 65% in 2009. Shared improved latrines are only slightly less clean than individual ones. Dependence on shared improved latrines increases with population density. In 2007, 20% of the poorest households still openly defecated, although more of them (38%) shared a latrine of any type. A poverty reduction program is recommended to address this equity issue, although applying consistent definitions is crucial to documenting progress.

Download Full-text

Returns to Education in Rural and Urban China: An Empirical Study

Asian Journal of Social Science Studies ◽

10.20849/ajsss.v3i4.499 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Feng Wang ◽

Hao Wu

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Returns To Education ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

National Level ◽

Urban China ◽

Data Set ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rate Of Returns

This paper focuses on the returns to education in China, and it aims to determine the returns rate difference between those in the rural and urban areas. Mincer’s model has been used as the base for the returns rate calculation. OLS has been chosen as the estimator for the regression analysis. The data set selected for analyzing was CHIP 2013, which is one of the latest national level education and income surveys conducted in China. The empirical analysis results showed that the rate of returns to education for the general samples was 13.9%. This, therefore, was higher than the rate (around 10%) in 2000-2010 in China. Meanwhile, the significant difference between rural (3.7%) and urban (25.6%) areas has been detected. The gender equality testing showed that in rural areas, the rate of returns to education for females (9.1%) was much higher than males (2.5%). The results provided an overview of the current situation regarding the educational investment in China. It also pointed out the income and educational inequality between rural-urban and male-female.

Download Full-text

Information Management in Cancer Registries: Evaluating the Needs for Cancer Data Collection and Cancer Research

Online Journal of Public Health Informatics ◽

10.5210/ojphi.v7i2.5664 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iris Zachary ◽

Suzanne A Boren ◽

Eduardo Simoes ◽

Jeannette Jackson-Thompson ◽

J. Wade Davis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Data Collection ◽

Cancer Registry ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Registry Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Common Data Elements ◽

Cancer Registry Data ◽

Treatment Data ◽

Data Elements

Cancer registry data collection involves, at a minimum, collecting data on demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment. A common, identified, and standardized set of data elements is needed to share data quickly and efficiently with consumers of this data. This project highlights the fact that, there is a need to develop common data elements; Surveys were developed for central cancer registries (CCRs) and cancer researchers (CRs) at NCI-designated Cancer Centers, in order to understand data needs. Survey questions were developed based on the project focus, an evaluation of the research registries and database responses, and systematic review of the literature. Questions covered the following topics: 1) Research, 2) Data collection, 3) Database/ repository, 4) Use of data, 5) Additional data items, 6) Data requests, 7) New data fields, and 8) Cancer registry data set. A review of the surveys indicates that all cancer registries’ data are used for public health surveillance, and 96% of the registries indicate the data are also used for research. Data are available online in interactive tables from over 50% of CRs and 87% of CCRs. Some other survey responses indicate that CCR treatment data are not complete for example treatment data, however cancer researchers are interested in treatment variables from CCRs. Cancer registries have many data available for review, but need to examine what data are needed and used by different entities. Cancer Registries can further enhance usage through collaborations and partnerships to connect common interests in the data by making registries visible and accessible.Keywords: Public Health; Disease Registries; Disease Reporting

Download Full-text

Urban Household Energy Use: Analyzing Correlates of Charcoal and Firewood Consumption in Kampala City, Uganda

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2021/5904201 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Abel Nzabona ◽

Richard Tuyiragize ◽

John Bosco Asiimwe ◽

Christian Kakuba ◽

Peter Kisaakye

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Formal Education ◽

Energy Use ◽

Census Data ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Data Set ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Kampala City ◽

Household Heads

Charcoal and firewood contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in rural and urban areas. Although there is information about energy types used for cooking in Kampala urban environment, less is known about the correlates of charcoal and firewood consumption. This study investigated the predictors of charcoal and firewood use for cooking using the 2014 Uganda Census data set. Analysis was conducted on 41,250 households in Kampala City. Multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to predict charcoal and firewood use. Findings indicate that older household heads were more likely to use firewood than their younger counterparts. Charcoal and firewood were more likely to be used in households whose household heads were females, married and formerly married, and lived in dwelling units with two and more rooms. Conversely, chances of using charcoal and firewood decreased with the level of education, living in detached house and flat, and residing in shelter with cement screed or tile/concrete. The findings have several implications including long-term planning for improving formal education conditions, strengthening female empowerment, and upgrading dwelling conditions of the households in Kampala City.

Download Full-text

Development of census output areas with AZTool in South Africa

South African Journal of Science ◽

10.17159/sajs.2016/20150010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol Volume 112 (Number 7/8) ◽

Author(s):

Tholang Mokhele ◽

Onisimo Mutanga ◽

Fethi Ahmed ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

South African ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Census Data ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Design Tool ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Geographical Unit ◽

Rural Settings

Abstract The use of a single geographical unit to both collect and disseminate census data is common in many countries across the world, especially in developing countries. In South Africa this approach poses some challenges, as the design of small geographical units called enumeration areas to facilitate data collection differs considerably from the design of units that aid data analysis and interpretation. We aimed to create optimised census output areas using the Automated Zone-design Tool (AZTool) program, using the 2001 census enumeration areas as building blocks at various spatial levels, for both rural and urban settings in two South African provinces. The results were consistent and stable. The primary criterion of the confidentiality limit of 500 people was respected at all geographical levels or regions, in both urban and rural settings, for newly created optimised output areas. For the second criterion, lower intra-area correlation values at lower geographical levels for both rural and urban areas showed that higher geographical levels produced more homogeneous output areas than did lower geographical levels or regions. Our obtained intra-area correlation of 0.62 for the two provinces combined indicated that the selected homogeneity variables were good indicators of social homogeneity for creating optimised output areas in South Africa. We conclude that the AZTool software can be used to effectively and objectively create optimised output areas for South African data. Further research on the comparison of the newly created output areas with existing output areas in South Africa should be explored.

Download Full-text