scholarly journals Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Debertin
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Elementary And Secondary Education ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Educational Production ◽  
State And Local

Public elementary and secondary education represent the largest single expenditure by units of state and local governments. Nearly 30 percent of all tax dollars raised at the state and local level is spent for funding public elementary and secondary schools. The magnitude of expenditures for public education relative to other public goods makes questions concerning resource allocation for this service extremely important. It is not surprising that a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining if the educational process can be made more efficient.Politicians, school administrators and other decision-makers who deal with school finance problems in rural and urban areas face a key policy question concerning the educational production process: “Does the spending of additional tax dollars in local public schools necessarily insure increased scholastic achievement for all students?”

scholarly journals Evernia Goes to School: Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Photosynthetic Performance in Lichen Transplants Exposed Indoors and Outdoors in Public and Private Environments

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Paoli ◽  
Zuzana Fačkovcová ◽  
Anna Guttová ◽  
Caterina Maccelli ◽  
Katarína Kresáňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Evernia Prunastri ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Recently indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a key issue, especially in schools, where children spend most of the day. Only in a few cases IAQ was investigated using lichens as biomonitors. During autumn 2017, lichens (Evernia prunastri) were exposed for two months indoors and outdoors in public (schools) and private (dwellings) environments, in both rural and urban areas of Slovakia. The bioaccumulation of selected elements and the physiological status of the samples were considered. The content of heavy metals increased in samples exposed outdoors for 11 out of 12 elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, S, Sb, V and Zn, but not Ca) in the urban area and for 5 (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Sb) in the rural area. Indoor concentrations were overall similar, both in rural and urban buildings, independently of the outdoor conditions. An indoor accumulation occurred only for Cd, Cu and Pb. An indoor origin was suggested for Cd, while for Cu and Pb, outdoor penetration (car traffic) is the likely cause of indoor values. Indoor exposed lichens maintained their vitality (as reflected by chlorophyll a fluorescence emission). This latter result further supports the use of lichen biomonitoring as a suitable method for assessing IAQ.

scholarly journals Regional food dishes in the Brazilian National School Food Program: Acceptability and nutritional composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo thimoteo da Cunha ◽  
Hélida Ventura Barbosa Gonçalves ◽  
Aline Fátima Andrade de Lima ◽  
Paula Andrea Martins ◽  
Veridiana Vera de Rosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
School Food ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Regional Food ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Hedonic Scale

Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and describe the acceptability of regional culinary dishes served to students from public schools of rural and urban areas. Methods: Ten Brazilian regional dishes were evaluated for acceptability and nutritional composition. the survey was conducted in schools located in rural and urban areas of two cities in the state of São Paulo. Dish acceptability was evaluated using leftover analysis and a 5-point facial hedonic scale. the adherence index was calculated and used as an indirect measure of acceptance, and the nutritional composition was calculated based on the technical files of each dish. Results: A total of 2,384 students from 20 schools participated in the study and 1,174 tasted and evaluated the dishes. the test using the 5-point facial hedonic scale demonstrated that five dishes (Caldo verde soup, persimmon jelly, chicken with okra, puréed cornmeal with spinach, and arugula pizza) had an acceptability rate above 85.0%. the mean adherence indices were 57.3% and 55.6% in urban and rural environments, respectively. Analysis of the nutritional composition of regional dishes indicates that these dishes can partially meet macronutrient recommendations. Conclusion: the tested dishes can become part of school menus as they were accepted or partly accepted by the students regardless of school location, whether rural or urban. the cultural heritage is an important resource for the food sovereignty of a country and should be constantly encouraged.

Research on the Evaluation Method of Urban-Rural Integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 611-614
Author(s):  
Lei An ◽  
Pei Zhang ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Weak Point ◽  
Harmonious Development ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

The evaluation for rural-urban integration plays an important role in the process of the harmonious development of rural and urban areas. The latest progress of existing researches on the Performance Evaluation of Regional Urban-rural Integration was reviewed systematically. Some local governments used the evaluation system to evaluate the rural-urban integration in their territories. The article tries to summarize the literatures about evaluation method for Urban-rural integration，to investigate the weak point about evaluation of urban-rural integration. The new problems will also be point out and the problems need to be further researched.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOLCHILDREN OF NEPAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (106) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Ram Manohar Basnet ◽  
Laxman Manohar Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. There is growing interest in the association between physical activity (PA) and academic performance (AP) in children, especially in the developing world. However, no in-depth study of such kind has yet been undertaken in Nepal. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine if there is correlation between PA and AP in secondary schoolchildren in Nepal. Methods. A crosssectional study was carried in four schools of Nepal. Two schools (one private and one public) were randomly selected from two different districts. Physical activity and academic performance levels of students were obtained via questionnaires and Pearson’s correlation was done to determine any association. Results. Our study showed a significant correlation between physical activity and academic performance in the study population. The correlation was significant for male students, students from rural and urban areas and from public schools. However, there was no significant correlation in the female population and students of private schools. We also observed a significant difference in the physical activity performed by male versus female students (male > female), along with a significant difference in their academic performance (male > female). Further analysis of correlation on the basis of gender showed that physical activity of male students was significantly correlated with the academic performance irrespective of the location and type of school. However there was no such correlation in the female students. Conclusion. Our study found that male students who were physically active showed positive correlation between physical activity and academic performance while no such correlation was found in the female students.

scholarly journals A Call for Change in the Public Education System in Nova Scotia

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. CI64-CI92
Author(s):  
Barbara-Ann Hamilton-Hinch ◽  
Jessie-Lee D. McIsaac ◽  
Mary-Jane Harkins ◽  
Sherry Jarvis ◽  
John C. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
African Descent ◽  
The Public ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Black Learners ◽  
Nova Scotian

The United Nation’s International Decade for People of African Descent and Nova Scotia’s Ministry of African Nova Scotian Affairs recognize that students of African descent continue to experience inequities. As previous studies indicate, parents of Black learners identified that many educators lack knowledge and experience in understanding students of African descent.This study explored student achievement from the perspective of parents of children of African descent attending public schools in Nova Scotia. Participants included individual interviews and focus groups with parents from rural and urban areas. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory framework, a thematic analysis of the data was conducted, a dominant storyline related to the families’ experiences in school and subsequent themes emerged: we are treated differently; we don’t feel connected; we know there are challenges: the resistance of parents; and we deal with injustices but persevere. These findings provide recommendations to improve the educational success for Black learners. Keywords: African Canadian, academic achievement and success, Black students, education, schooling challenges, students of African descent

scholarly journals Multi-Disciplinary Determination of the Rural/Urban Boundary: A Case Study in Xi’an, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fang ◽  
Yingjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
New Model ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Rapid urbanization in China has blurred the boundaries between rural and urban areas in both geographic and conceptual terms. Accurately identifying this boundary in a given area is an important prerequisite for studies of these areas, but previous research has used fairly simplistic factors to distinguish the two areas (such as population density). In this study, we built a model combining multi-layer conditions and cumulative percentage methods based on five indicators linking spatial, economic, and demographic factors to produce a more comprehensive and quantitative method for identifying rural and urban areas. Using Xi’an, China as a case study, our methods produced a more accurate determination of the rural-urban divide when compared to data from the National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. Specifically, the urbanization level was 3.24% lower in the new model, with a total urban area that was 621.87 km2 lower. These results were checked by field survey and satellite imagery for accuracy. This new model thus provides local governments and other interested parties a theoretical and technological foundation for more accurate rural/urban planning and management in the future.

The Importance of the Federal Role in Improving Educational Practice: Lessons from a Big-City School System

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-513
Author(s):  
Thomas Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Elementary And Secondary Education ◽  
Big City ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
State And Local

I bring to this essay a dual perspective: that of the federal education official and that of the local school district administrator. As a practitioner in urban schools I have been employed as a teacher, principal, district superintendent, superintendent of schools,and presently as deputy chancellor for instruction in the New York City public schools. As a federal education official, I worked in the Carter administration as assistant secretary for elementary and secondary education. Through both roles, I have developed strong beliefs that federal involvement in elementary and secondary education has resulted in increased access to education for all individuals and groups in our society; in the improvement of teaching and learning at the local level; in increased capacity to support and provide leadership at the state and local levels; and in developing, identifying,evaluating, and disseminating exemplary, research-based, educational practices nationwide.

The Federal Role in Elementary and Secondary Education, 1940-1980

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Kaestle ◽  
Marshall Smith
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
General Role ◽  
Educational History ◽  
Elementary And Secondary Education ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
State Supervision ◽  
Rural And Urban

One of the central dynamics of American educational history is the long-range trend from local and parental schooling arrangements to increasing government funding and centralized control. The trend does not represent simply a benign process of modernization and improvement. Centralization has exacted costs and elicited fierce opposition. In the nineteenth century there were two key developments in this trend: the involvement of state governments in encouraging and regulating schooling, and the consolidation of small local districts into larger, townwide systems. Advocates of local control and nonpublic schooling who opposed these initial steps in the creation of state school systems voiced their objections in much the same terms as opponents of federal involvement do today. Notwithstanding, town-level consolidation and increasing state involvement continued into the twentieth century. Today Americans in both rural and urban areas are accustomed to centralized school districts, detailed state supervision, and substantial state financial aid for education. Curriculum, financial decisionmaking,teacher preparation and licensing, length of the annual school session—all are subject to state regulation. Opponents may contest individual policies and decry excessive bureaucracy,but the general role of the states in financing and regulating school districts'educational practices is widely accepted.

Regulating Poor Migrants in Border Regions: A Microhistory of Out-Parish Relief in Bulskamp (1768–96)

Rural History ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
MARJOLEIN SCHEPERS
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract:The regulation of poor migrants increasingly became a problem for local governments in eighteenth-century West Flanders and Flandres Maritime. Conflicts arose about which parish migrants should address for requesting poor relief. Migrants moreover physically moved over the boundaries of the different national French and Flemish legislative systems. This article will analyse how local parishes dealt with these problems in practice by focusing on a local agreement: the Concordat of Ypres of 1750. This Concordat offers an abundance of archival material and provides a unique insight into the practices of settlement and poor relief in continental Ancien Régime Europe. The aim of the article is to understand how out-parish relief functioned within the agreement. With that aim in mind, I will analyse, inter alia, the micro practices of how out-parish relief was paid (for example, removal or out-parish relief), how it reached the poor and, more importantly, how the number, expenses on and spread of out-parish poor evolved through the years. This article strengthens the claim that extensive relief practices were not unique to England and Wales. It also provides further insights into the relations between rural and urban areas (as most migration and settlement literature had either an urban or a rural focus) and sheds light on the differences of interests between local and central administrations.

scholarly journals "Panchayats and Ward Committees; Assessing India's Decentralised Institutions "

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ashwini Roy A.S
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Central State ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Implementation Problems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Levels

India adopted an ambitious reform policy of rural and urban decentralization in 1992, under which powers and finance are transferred to new local and regional bodies. These are governed by elected councils, in which women and members of disadvantaged groups/castes have a fixed quota of seats. While the legislation is still relatively new, some states have been able to make fast progress in decentralizing tasks, power and funds, while others have been much slower. This article presents an initial review of the decentralization efforts, exploring administrative, fiscal and political dimensions, and the implementation problems at central, state and local levels. Most emphasis is given to development at the local level: the panchayats in rural areas and the ward committees in urban areas, which is where the impact of decentralization should be felt. This article assesses whether increased proximity between citizens and government leads to increased transparency, accountability and participation.

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