Curved, Expanded and Inclined Diffraction Patterns of Grating--Rotating Grating Around Three Axes (1)

Abstract Young’s double slit experiments represent the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the single slit, double slit, cross-double slit and 1D-grating experiments were performed, which show the universal phenomena that the interference/diffraction patterns are curved, expanded and inclined. In this article, we show novel phenomena that the diffraction patterns of the 2D-cross-grating experiments can be curved, expanded and inclined simultaneously and continuously. Those experiments provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model.

Particle Nature of Photons, Straight Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Grating Experiment

10.21203/rs.3.rs-952063/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Peng

Keyword(s):

Diffraction Pattern ◽

The Novel ◽

Straight Line ◽

Wave Particle Duality ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Particle Nature ◽

Double Slit Experiment ◽

Slit Experiment ◽

Abstract The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model.

Curved Diffraction Patterns of 2D-Cross-Grating Experiments---Double Slit Still Has Much to Offer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1061455/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

hui peng

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Comprehensive Data ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

1D Grating ◽

Abstract Young’s double slit experiments represent the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the single slit, double slit, cross-double slit and 1D-grating experiments were performed, which show the universal phenomena that the interference/diffraction patterns are curved, expanded and inclined. In this article, we show novel phenomena that the diffraction patterns of the 2D-cross-grating experiments can be curved, expanded and inclined simultaneously and continuously. Those experiments provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model.

Particle Nature of Photons, Normal Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Experiment --- Double-Slit Experiment Still Has Much to Offer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-952063/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Peng

Keyword(s):

Diffraction Pattern ◽

The Novel ◽

Straight Line ◽

Wave Particle Duality ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Particle Nature ◽

Double Slit Experiment ◽

Slit Experiment ◽

Abstract The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model. The double-slit experiment still has much to offer.

Modern TEM systems architecture

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100144486 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 602-605

Author(s):

U. Gross ◽

P. Hagemann

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Information Gathering ◽

Systems Architecture ◽

Control Functions ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

New Information ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Analytical Equipment

By addition of analytical equipment, scanning transmission accessories and data processing equipment the basic transmission electron microscope (TEM) has evolved into a comprehensive information gathering system. This extension has led to increased complexity of the instrument as compared with the straightforward imaging microscope, since in general new information capacity has required the addition of new control hardware. The increased operational complexity is reflected in a proliferation of knobs and buttons.In the conventional electron microscope design the operating panel of the instrument has distinct control elements to alter optical conditions of the microscope column in different modes. As a consequence a multiplicity of control functions has been inevitable. Examples of this are the three pairs of focus and magnification controls needed for TEM imaging, diffraction patterns, and STEM images.

Hydrodynamic Boundary Layers at Solid Wall—A Tool for Separation of Fine Solids

Colloids and Interfaces ◽

10.3390/colloids5010011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Ljubomir Nikolov

Keyword(s):

Relative Density ◽

Hydrodynamic Interaction ◽

Theoretical Study ◽

Solid Wall ◽

Separation Processes ◽

Starting Point ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Neutrally Buoyant ◽

Solid Walls ◽

Solid Spheres

A theoretical study is performed about the hydrodynamic interaction of fine species entrapped in the boundary layer (BL) at solid wall (plate). The key starting point is the analysis of the disturbance introduced by solid spheres in the background fluid flow. For a neutrally buoyant entity, the type of interaction is determined by the size of the spheres as compared to the thickness of the BL region. The result is granulometric separation of the solids inside the BL domain at the wall. The most important result in view of potential applications concerns the so-called small particles Rp < L/ReL5/4 (ReL is the Reynolds number of the background flow and Rp is the radius of the entrapped sphere). In the case of non-neutrally buoyant particles, gravity interferes with the separation effect. Important factor in this case is the relative density of the solid species as compared to this of the fluid. In view of further practical uses, particles within the range of Δρ/ρ < Fr2/ReL1/2 (Fr is Froude number and Δρ/ρ is the relative density of the entrapped solids) are systematically studied. The trajectories inside the BL region of the captured species are calculated. The obtained data show that there are preferred regions along the wall where the fine solids are detained. The results are important for the assessment of the general efficiency of entrapment and segregation of fine species in the vicinity of solid walls and have high potential for further design of industrial separation processes.

Enhancement the Solar Still Performance Using Chimney Exhaust Gases

ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability ◽

10.1115/es2021-63858 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hamdy Hassan

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Theoretical Study ◽

Saline Water ◽

Kutta Method ◽

Solar Still ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Exhaust Gases ◽

Runge Kutta Method ◽

The Impact ◽

The Mathematical Model

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical study is presented on enhancement of the solar still performance by using the exhaust gases passing inside a chimney under the still basin. The impact of the exhaust gases temperature on the solar still temperature, productivity, and efficiency are considered. The performance of solar still with chimney is compared with that of conventional solar still. The study is carried out under the hot and climate conditions of Upper Egypt. A complete transient mathematical model of the physical model including the solar still regions temperatures, productivity, and heat transfer between the solar still and the exhaust gases are constructed. The mathematical model is solved numerically by using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and is programmed by using MATLAB. The mathematical model is validated using an experimental work. The results show that the solar still saline water temperature increases and productivity with using and rising the exhaust gases. Furthermore, the impact of using exhaust gases on the still performance in winter is greater than in summer. using chimney exhaust gases at 75 °C and 125 °C enhances the daily freshwater yield of the conventional still by more than three times and about six times in winter, respectively, and about two and half times and more than three times in summer, respectively.

Curved Interference Pattern Created by Photons Behaving as Particle---Double Slit Experiment Still Has Much to Offer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-969988/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Peng

Keyword(s):

Interference Pattern ◽

Wave Theory ◽

Quantum Probability ◽

The Novel ◽

Physics First ◽

Airy Beam ◽

Classical Wave ◽

Double Slit Experiment ◽

Abstract Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been described by either the classical wave, or quantum probability waves or pilot waves. Recently, the novel experiments show that the interference patterns of the double slit/cross-double slit experiments may be curved. The previous phenomena of the light bending contain the gravity bending and Airy beam curving transversely. The curved Airy beam is interpreted by the quantum Schrödinger’s wave equation and electromagnetic wave theory. To study the curved interference patterns of the comprehensive double slit experiments, we study the underlying physics first, namely, to study whether the light beam/photons behave as wave or as particle before forming the curved interference pattern. In this article, the comprehensive double slit experiments are performed, which show: (1) the fringes of the curved interference pattern are created independently and may be create partially; (2) the longitudinal shield and the metal tube inserted between the slide and the detector has no effect on the interference pattern. The experimental observations suggest that, before forming the curved interference pattern on the detector, photons behave as particles, which can be referred as “wave-particle-coexistence”. The phenomena provide the comprehensive information/data for the theoretical study.

Volume 1: Advances in Control Design Methods, Nonlinear and Optimal Control, Robotics, and Wind Energy Systems; Aerospace Applications; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Assistive Robotics; Battery and Oil and Gas Systems; Bioengineering Applications; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics and Healthcare; Control and Monitoring of Vibratory Systems; Diagnostics and Detection; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Fuel Cells/Energy Storage; Intelligent Transportation ◽

Nonlinear Dynamics of Upright Human Balance While Using a Passive-Cane

10.1115/dscc2016-9863 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

James R. Chagdes ◽

Joao P. Freire ◽

Amit Shukla

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Dynamics ◽

Mathematical Model ◽

Assistive Technology ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Assistive Technologies ◽

Feedback Gain ◽

Control Parameters ◽

Human Posture ◽

Inverted Pendulum Model ◽

Potential Applications

Recent mathematical models of human posture have been explored to better understand the space of control parameters that result in stable upright balance. These models have demonstrated that there are two types of instabilities — a leaning instability and an instability leading to excessive oscillation. While these models provide insight into the stability of upright bipedal stance, they are not sufficient for individuals that require the aid of assistive technologies, such as a passive-cane or a walker. Without a valid model one is unable to understand the control parameters required for maintain upright posture or if similar instabilities even exist when assistive technologies are used. Therefore in this study, we developed a mathematical model of human posture while using a passive-cane to examine the nonlinear dynamics of stance. First, we developed a simple mathematical model of cane assisted human stance by adapting the inverted pendulum model of Chagdes et al., [1]. We modeled the human body, upper arm, forearm, cane, and ground as a two-degree-of-freedom, five-bar-linkage with pin joints representing the ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. Second, we investigate upright stability in the parameter space of feedback gain and time-delay. We hypothesize that the analysis will show similar instabilities compared to that of a human standing without assistive technology. We also hypothesize that the space of control parameters which stabilize upright equilibrium posture will increase when a cane is incorporated. This study has two potential applications. First, the developed mathematical model could allow clinicians to better assess technology assisted balance and if needed help clinicians to customize a treatment plan for an individual that allows them to avoid unstable postural dynamics. Second, the mathematical model can be used to design customized assistive technology for people of difference physical properties and impairments.

Theoretical Study and Optimization of the Biochemical Reaction Process by Means of Feedback Control Strategy

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/105765 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kaibiao Sun ◽

Andrzej Kasperski ◽

Yuan Tian

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Feedback Control ◽

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Numerical Simulations ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Theoretical Study ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Reaction Process ◽

Biochemical Reaction ◽

Feedback Control Strategy

The aim of this work is to present a theoretical analysis and optimization of a biochemical reaction process by means of feedback control strategy. To begin with, a mathematical model of the biochemical reaction process with feedback control is formulated. Then, based on the formulated model, the analysis of system's dynamics is presented. The optimization of the bioprocess is carried out, in order to achieve maximal biomass productivity. It is shown that during the optimization, the bioprocess with impulse effects loses the possibility of synchronization and strives for a simple continuous bioprocess. The analytical results presented in the work are validated by numerical simulations for the Tessier kinetics model.