scholarly journals Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: a costing cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumbani Limani ◽  
Christopher Smith ◽  
Richard Wachepa ◽  
Hlulose Chafuwa ◽  
James Meiring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventable Death ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
The World ◽  
Catastrophic Illness

Abstract BackgroundTyphoid causes preventable death and disease. The World Health Organizationrecommends Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine for endemic countries, but introductiondecisions depend on cost-effectiveness. We estimated household and healthcareeconomic burdens of typhoid in Blantyre, Malawi.MethodsIn a prospective cohort of culture-confirmed typhoid cases at two primary- and areferral-level health facility, we collected direct medical, non-medical costs (2020 U.S. dollars) to healthcare provider, plus indirect costs to households.ResultsFrom July 2019-March 2020, of 109 cases, 63 (58%) were <15 years old, 44 (40%)were inpatients. Mean hospitalization length was 7.7 days (SD 4.1). For inpatients,mean total household and provider costs were $93.85 (95%CI: 68.87-118.84) and$296.52 (95%CI: 225.79-367.25), respectively. For outpatients, these costs were$19.05 (95%CI: 4.38-33.71) and $39.65 (95%CI: 33.93-45.39), respectively.Household costs were due mainly to direct non-medical and indirect costs, medicalcare was free. Catastrophic illness cost, defined as cost >40% of non-food monthlyhousehold expenditure, occurred in 48 (44%) households.ConclusionsTyphoid can be economically catastrophic for families, despite accessible free medicalcare. Typhoid is costly for government healthcare provision. These data make aneconomic case for TCV introduction in Malawi and the region and will be used to derivevaccine cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Novel educational adjuncts for the World Health Organization Basic Emergency Care Course: A prospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Steven Straube ◽  
Julia Chang-Bullick ◽  
Paulina Nicholaus ◽  
Juma Mfinanga ◽  
Christian Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care Course

scholarly journals Impact of nanosystems in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita M Pinto ◽  
Daniela Lopes-de-Campos ◽  
M Cristina L Martins ◽  
Patrick Van Dijck ◽  
Cláudia Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
The World ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is considered by the World Health Organization as a high priority pathogen for which new therapies are needed. This is particularly important for biofilm implant-associated infections once the only available treatment option implies a surgical procedure combined with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, these infections represent an economic burden for Healthcare Systems. A new strategy has emerged to tackle this problem: for small bugs, small particles. Here, we describe how nanotechnology-based systems have been studied to treat S. aureus biofilms. Their features, drawbacks and potentialities to impact the treatment of these infections are highlighted. Furthermore, we also outline biofilm models and assays required for preclinical validation of those nanosystems to smooth the process of clinical translation.

scholarly journals Using Intradermal Rabies Vaccine to Boost Immunity in People with Low Rabies Antibody Levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brown ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks ◽  
Martin Schweiger
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Antibody Levels

Intradermal rabies vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organisation, but not all countries, including England, follow this recommendation. A group of 12 adults in England previously given pre-exposure intradermal rabies vaccine were considered to be non-immune to rabies because their rabies antibody titres were known to be less than 0.5 IU/mL. A cohort study examined the immunizing effect of increasing the participants' cumulative dose of intradermal rabies to 2.0 IU. All patients subsequently demonstrated rabies antibody levels >0.5 IU⋅mL supporting evidence of adequate sero-conversion. No adverse effects of intradermal rabies vaccine boosting were noted. Within the limits of a small study the findings support the hypothesis that adequate levels of rabies antibody can be achieved by a schedule of intradermal injections delivered on at least three occasions with a cumulative rabies vaccine dose of 2.0 IU.

Estimation of the economic burden of injury in north India: a prospective cohort study

The Lancet ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 385 ◽  
pp. S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Prinja ◽  
Jagnoor Jagnoor ◽  
Akashdeep S Chauhan ◽  
Sameer Aggarwal ◽  
Rebecca Ivers
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
North India

scholarly journals Health and Economic Burden of Running-Related Injuries in Dutch Trailrunners: A Prospective Cohort Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Hespanhol Junior ◽  
Willem van Mechelen ◽  
Evert Verhagen
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Prospective Cohort

scholarly journals Not performing an OGTT results in underdiagnosis, inadequate risk assessment and probable cost increases of (pre)diabetes in Han Chinese over 40 years: a population-based prospective cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Hu ◽  
Qiao Zhang ◽  
Tian-Shu Zeng ◽  
Jiao-Yue Zhang ◽  
Jie Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
World Health ◽  
Over 40 Years

Objective To explore the influence by not performing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Han Chinese over 40 years. Design Overall, 6682 participants were included in the prospective cohort study and were followed up for 3 years. Methods Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-load plasma glucose (2h-PG), FPG and 2h-PG (OGTT), and HbA1c testing using World Health Organization (WHO) or American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria were employed for strategy analysis. Results The prevalence of diabetes is 12.4% (95% CI: 11.6–13.3), while the prevalence of prediabetes is 34.1% (95% CI: 32.9–35.3) and 56.5% (95% CI: 55.2–57.8) using WHO and ADA criteria, respectively. 2h-PG determined more diabetes individuals than FPG and HbA1c. The testing cost per true positive case of OGTT is close to FPG and less than 2h-PG or HbA1c. FPG, 2h-PG and HbA1c strategies would increase costs from complications for false-positive (FP) or false-negative (FN) results compared with OGTT. Moreover, the least individuals identified as normal by OGTT at baseline developed (pre)diabetes, and the most prediabetes individuals identified by HbA1c or FPG using ADA criteria developed diabetes. Conclusions The prevalence of isolated impaired glucose tolerance and isolated 2-h post-load diabetes were high, and the majority of individuals with (pre)diabetes were undetected in Chinese Han population. Not performing an OGTT results in underdiagnosis, inadequate developing risk assessment and probable cost increases of (pre)diabetes in Han Chinese over 40 years and great consideration should be given to OGTT in detecting (pre)diabetes in this population. Further population-based prospective cohort study of longer-term effects is necessary to investigate the risk assessment and cost of (pre)diabetes.

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