scholarly journals Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes of Pregnant Women Who Delivered Before and After Ending the One-Child Policy in China: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Haifeng Lou ◽  
Xuejuan Tang ◽  
Xiaoli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
Childbearing Women

Abstract Background: Recently, Chinese new fertility policy has received widespread public attention. However, there are limited studies on the comprehensive epidemiology of maternal and infant health with respect to the characteristic changes of childbearing women. In this study, we compared the changes in socio-demographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of childbearing women before and after ending the one-child policy in Zhejiang province of China.Methods: This was a multicenter and cross-sectional study. Data were from three representative hospitals in Zhejiang province by stratified random sampling. Women who gave birth in November 2012-2014-2016 were recruited, according to the time of the change in fertility policy. We explored the differences in maternal sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes.Results: Totally, 11,718 women were recruited, including 3480-4044-4194 in November 2012-2014-2016 respectively. Results showed the proportion of women with advanced age, relative higher education, higher number of gravidity and parity, previous cesarean section and births in a provincial hospital increased over time. Of multipara, they were more likely to be over ≥ 35 years old, to give birth vaginally and to have pregnancy complications and multiple birth, particularly in 2016 than in 2012. Of those primipara, the proportion of women with advanced age remained stable during periods. Further, both the percentage of vaginal delivery and instrumental vaginal delivery were higher in 2014 and 2016 than in 2012. The same period, the proportions of pregnancy complications, and multiple births significantly rose, but stillbirth and birth decreased in 2014 than in 2012 among women who never delivered.Conclusions: Some adverse pregnancy outcomes increased as some key characteristics of childbearing women changed after ending the one-child policy. It suggested that policy provider and medical staff to strengthen consistent healthcare regarding to changes in birth policy.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women who delivered prior to and after the termination of the one-child policy in China: a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Haifeng Lou ◽  
Xuejuan Tang ◽  
Xiaoli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Fertility Policy ◽  
Childbearing Women

Abstract Background The new Chinese fertility policy has recently received widespread public attention. However, there are few studies available on the comprehensive epidemiology of maternal and infant health with respect to the characteristic changes of childbearing women. In the study, we compared the maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes at different time points according to policy adjustments, accessed the possible relationship among these factors, and evaluated the impacts of these policies for medical and policy assistance. Methods This was a retrospective study. Data were collected from three representative hospitals in Zhejiang Province using stratified random sampling. The annual number of births, and maternal and child healthcare levels were the determining factors of sampling. Women who gave birth in November of 2012, 2014, and 2016 were recruited in accordance with the time of the change in the fertility policy, and we explored the differences in maternal socio-demographic characteristics, delivery mode and pregnancy outcomes. Results A total of 11,718 women were recruited, including 3480, 4044, and 4194 in November of 2012, 2014, and 2016, respectively. The proportions of multiparous women, women who aged ≥35 years, who received higher education, who had previous cesarean sections (CS), and who delivered in a high level hospital increased over time. In 2016, multipara accounted for 49.12, 14.47% were aged ≥35 years, nearly half of women had previous CS and delivered in a provincial hospital, 41.73% gave birth by CS, and 31.62% suffered pregnancy complications. The results of multiple logistic regression mode showed CS risk decreased significantly in 2014 (ORadj = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.55–0.67) relative to 2012, and risks of pregnancy complications (ORadj = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.86–2.83) and multiple births (ORadj = 3.25; 95% CI, 2.19–4.83) only increased in 2016 compared to 2012. Conclusions Some pregnancy outcomes increased as several key characteristics of childbearing women changed after China ended its “one-child” policy. This suggests that policy providers and medical staff need to strengthen healthcare in a consistent fashion regarding changes in birth policy.

China's three-children policy will see limited success

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The One

Significance This year it increased the limit to three. The one-child policy has served more to exacerbate than to alleviate demographic problems, leaving China with an ageing population and shrinking workforce much sooner than other countries at this stage of economic development. Impacts Rising infertility will play a part in depressing birth rates. Vested interests and the government's proclivity for social control will prevent the wholesale abolition of family planning. National and local authorities will introduce policies to promote reproduction; not all of them will necessarily be socially liberal.

scholarly journals The Effect of China’s Two-Child Policy on the Child Sex Ratio: Evidence From Shanghai, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 004695802110679
Author(s):  
Di Tang ◽  
Xiangdong Gao ◽  
Jiaoli Cai ◽  
Peter. C. Coyte
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Municipal Level

Objective: The bias towards males at birth has resulted in a major imbalance in the Chinese sex ratio that is often attributed to China’s one-child policy. Relaxation of the one-child policy has the potential to reduce the imbalance in the sex ratio away from males. In this study, we assessed whether the bias towards males in the child sex ratio was reduced as a result of the two-child policy in China. Medical records data from one large municipal-level obstetrics hospital in Shanghai, East China. Design: Matching and difference-in-differences (MDID) techniques were used to investigate the effect of the two-child policy on the imbalance in the sex ratio at birth after matching for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Results: Analyzing 133,358 live births suggest that the relaxation of the one-child policy had a small, but statistically significant effect in reducing the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that relaxation of the one-child policy reduced the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth from 1.10 to 1.05 over the study period at one of the major obstetrics and gynecology hospitals in China.

scholarly journals EFEK KEBIJAKAN SATU ANAK TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN PEREMPUAN DI TIONGKOK: SEBUAH IRONI

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Wabilia Husnah
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
School Work ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The One

In the Chinese tradition that is influenced by the Confusianism, women are seen to have lower positions than men. In such a social system, the One-Child policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping since 1979 as a program to control the population, underpin the inferiority perception upon Chinese women. This article aims analyze the effects of the China’s One Child Policy towards Chinese women’s lives. It is important to understand how Chinese Women live after their lives have been affected by this Policy, in a good or a bad way. The results show that One Child Policy has negative impacts on Chinese women’s lives. It does not only lead to discrimination views againts women, but also indirectly violate a Chinese woman’s social, cultural and economic rights. Criminal cases overshadow the Chinese women, ranging from torture, neglect of children, abortion, illegal adoption, human trafficking, kidnapping, and even prostitution. On the other hand, all criminal cases makes women become “rare “ and “special” objects in China. Ironically, the scarcity of women in China actually cause the higher bargaining power of women. Now in their lives, Chinese women can go to school, work, choosing a spouse, or even file for divorce. Women’s social status in Chinese society has increased now. It means that women also obtain the positive impact of One-Child Policy.Keywords: women, confucianism, the one child policyAbstrakDalam tradisi Tiongkok yang dipengaruhi oleh Konfusianisme, perempuan selalu memiliki posisi lebih rendah daripada laki-laki. Dalam sistem sosial seperti ini, Kebijakan Satu Anak yang diperkenalkan oleh Deng Xiaoping sejak 1979 sebagai program untuk mengontrol populasi, turut mendukung inferioritas wanita Tiongkok. Artikel ini mencoba menganalisis efek Kebijakan Satu Anak di Tiongkok kepada kehidupan perempuan. Sangat penting untuk memahami bagaimana perempuan Tiongkok menjalani hidupnya pascakehidupannya telah dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan ini, dengan cara yang baik maupun yang buruk. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa Kebijakan Satu Anak memiliki dampak negatif dalam kehidupan perempuan. Kebijakan ini tidak hanya menyebabkan pandangan diskriminatif terhadap perempuan, namun juga secara tidak langsung melanggar hak asasi dalam kehidupan sosial, kultural, dan ekonomi perempuan Tiongkok. Kasus kriminal pun membayangi perempuan Tiongkok, mulai dari penyiksaan, pengabaian anak perempuan, aborsi, adopsi ilegal, penjualan manusia, penculikan, bahkan prostitusi.Di lain pihak, semua kasus kriminal ini telah membuat perempuan menjadi objek yang “langka” dan “spesial” di Tiongkok. Ironisnya, kelangkaan perempuan di Tiongkok menyebabkan nilai tawar perempuan menjadi lebih tinggi. Sekarang, dalam kehidupan mereka, perempuan Cina bisa pergi ke sekolah, bekerja, memilih pasangan hidup, bahkan menuntut cerai. Status sosial perempuan dalam masyarakat Tiongkok pun sudah meningkat sekarang. Ini berarti, perempuan Tiongkok juga telah mendapatkan efek positif dari Kebijakan Satu Anak.Kata kunci: perempuan, konfusianisme, kebijakan satu anak

Developing expertise in psychoanalytic couple and family therapy in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Janine Wanlass
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
The West ◽  
Couple And Family Therapy ◽  
Psychoanalytic Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
The One

The author traces the development of a collaborative psychoanalytic training programme for couple and family therapists in China, launched through the shared efforts of Drs David Scharff, Jill Savege Scharff, Janine Wanlass, Fang Xin and Gao Jun, enrolling more than 400 students over the past twelve years. The stressors of economic change, greater interaction with the West, legacies left by the Cultural Revolution, challenges associated with the one-child policy, and escalating divorce rates created a need for therapists to intervene with Chinese couples and families exhibiting distress (Scharff, 2020, 2021). A training programme was conceived, including didactic teaching from an object relations perspective, a live clinical demonstration of psychotherapy with a couple or family, and small process groups led by Chinese therapists to help trainees integrate affective, cognitive, and behavioural learning components. The author contends that the success of this programme was largely dependent on a collaboration of cultures and personnel, as American teachers learned about psychoanalytic thinking from a Chinese cultural lens and Chinese administrators, faculty, and students discovered effective ways to address the mental health struggles of Chinese couples and families.

The only-child premium and moderation by social origin: Educational stratification in post-reform China

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-409
Author(s):  
Haowen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Only Child ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
Birth Control Policy ◽  
Critical Grade

The One Child Policy initiated in the late 1970s created a birth cohort with an unusually high proportion of only children. This paper examines the relationship between being the only child in the family and educational attainment, as well as its potential variations by social origin. Drawing my sample from the China Family Panel Studies, I compare two birth cohorts born before and after the birth-control policy. Results show that in the younger cohort, being the only child in the family produces a premium in educational outcomes, including years of completed schooling and odds of progressing through critical grade transitions. In addition, I observe a pattern that the only-child premium tends to be larger for people with higher social origins in competitive grade transitions.

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