scholarly journals Neural correlates of extrinsic and intrinsic outcome processing during learning in individuals with TBI: a Pilot Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Dobryakova ◽  
Suzanne Zuckerman ◽  
Joshua Sandry
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Pilot Investigation ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Objective Outcome

Abstract Objective: Outcome processing, the ability to learn from feedback, is an important component of adaptive behavior and rehabilitation. Evidence from healthy adults implicates the striatum and dopamine in outcome processing. Animal research shows that damage to dopaminergic pathways in the brain can lead to a disruption of dopamine tone and transmission. Such evidence thus suggests that persons with TBI experience deficits in outcome processing. However, no research has directly investigated outcome processing and associated neural mechanisms in TBI. Here, we examine outcome processing in individuals with TBI during learning. Given that TBI negatively impacts striatal and dopaminergic systems, we hypothesize that individuals with TBI exhibit deficits in learning from outcomes. Methods: To test this hypothesis, individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI and healthy adults were presented with a declarative paired-associate word learning task. Outcomes indicating performance accuracy were presented immediately during task performance and in the form of either monetary or performance-based feedback. Two types of feedback provided the opportunity to test whether extrinsic and intrinsic motivational aspects of outcome presentation play a role during learning and outcome processing. Results: Our results show that individuals with TBI exhibited impaired learning from feedback compared to healthy participants. Additionally, individuals with TBI exhibited increased activation in the striatum during outcome processing. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that outcome processing and learning from immediate outcomes is impaired in individuals with TBI and might be related to inefficient use of neural resources during task performance as reflected by increased activation of the striatum.

scholarly journals Role of Descending Dopaminergic Pathways in Pain Modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsheng Li ◽  
Sufang Liu ◽  
Xihua Lu ◽  
Feng Tao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
The Brain

Pain, especially when chronic, is a common reason patients seek medical care and it affects the quality of life and well-being of the patients. Unfortunately, currently available therapies for chronic pain are often inadequate because the neurobiological basis of such pain is still not fully understood. Although dopamine has been known as a neurotransmitter to mediate reward and motivation, accumulating evidence has shown that dopamine systems in the brain are also involved in the central regulation of chronic pain. Most importantly, descending dopaminergic pathways play an important role in pain modulation. In this review, we discuss dopamine receptors, dopaminergic systems in the brain, and the role of descending dopaminergic pathways in the modulation of different types of pain.

scholarly journals Learning to synchronize: Midfrontal theta dynamics during rule switching

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Verbeke ◽  
Kate Ergo ◽  
Esther De Loof ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Hierarchical Learning ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Negative Prediction ◽  
Theta Phase ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn recent years, several hierarchical extensions of well-known learning algorithms have been proposed. For example, when stimulus-action mappings vary across time or context, the brain may learn two or more stimulus-action mappings in separate modules, and additionally (at a hierarchically higher level) learn to appropriately switch between those modules. However, how the brain mechanistically coordinates neural communication to implement such hierarchical learning, remains unknown. Therefore, the current study tests a recent computational model that proposed how midfrontal theta oscillations implement such hierarchical learning via the principle of binding by synchrony (Sync model). More specifically, the Sync model employs bursts at theta frequency to flexibly bind appropriate task modules by synchrony. 64-channel EEG signal was recorded while 27 human subjects (Female: 21, Male: 6) performed a probabilistic reversal learning task. In line with the Sync model, post-feedback theta power showed a linear relationship with negative prediction errors, but not with positive prediction errors. This relationship was especially pronounced for subjects with better behavioral fit (measured via AIC) of the Sync model. Also consistent with Sync model simulations, theta phase-coupling between midfrontal electrodes and temporo-parietal electrodes was stronger after negative feedback. Our data suggest that the brain uses theta power and synchronization for flexibly switching between task rule modules, as is useful for example when multiple stimulus-action mappings must be retained and used.Significance StatementEveryday life requires flexibility in switching between several rules. A key question in understanding this ability is how the brain mechanistically coordinates such switches. The current study tests a recent computational framework (Sync model) that proposed how midfrontal theta oscillations coordinate activity in hierarchically lower task-related areas. In line with predictions of this Sync model, midfrontal theta power was stronger when rule switches were most likely (strong negative prediction error), especially in subjects who obtained a better model fit. Additionally, also theta phase connectivity between midfrontal and task-related areas was increased after negative feedback. Thus, the data provided support for the hypothesis that the brain uses theta power and synchronization for flexibly switching between rules.

scholarly journals Hubungan Kadar Interleukin 6 Serum dan Klasifikasi CT Marshal pada Penderita Cedera Otak Berat Akibat Trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Mervin Manginte ◽  
Eko Prasetyo ◽  
Maximillian Ch. Oley
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Diffuse Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6) level occurs in the brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI), however, studies about IL-6 as a prodictor based on CT-scan is still limited. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum IL-6 level and CT Marshall classification in patients with severe TBI. This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. There were 20 patients with severe TBI admitted at the Emergency Surgery Installation of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in this study. CT-scan was performed on them to determine the CT Marshall classification and to categorize the hemorrhage location (extra-axial, intra-axial, both), hemisphere (midline/diffuse, dextral, sinistral), and area (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, multiple). Venous blood sample used for IL-6 examination was drawn less than 24 hours after trauma. The results showed that mean IL-6 level was 22.0060 pg/mL (SD 4.64494 pg/mL). Patients were distributed relatively uniform in 4 detected categories (diffuse injury II, III, V, and VI) of CT Marshall classification. Final regression model consisted of IL-6, age, and temporal injury as predictors. The Spearman coefficient correlation showed rs = -0.005 (P=0.491). Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between serum Il-6 level and CT Marshall classification, albeit, both of them increased consistantly following the severity of TBI and could be potential predictors to determine the prognosis of severe TBI patients.Keywords: IL-6, CT Marshall, severe TBIAbstrak: Pada cedera otak berat akibat trauma (COBT) terjadi peningkatan ekspresi IL-6 di otak namun penelitian mengenai kemampuannya untuk memrediksi hasil berdasarkan klasifikasi CT scan masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara kadar IL-6 serum dan klasifikasi CT Marshall pada pasien dengan COBT. Jenis penelitian ialah observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 20 pasien yang dirawat dengan COBT di IRDB RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. CT-scan segera digunakan untuk menentukan klasifikasi CT Marshall dan untuk mengategorikan lokasi (ekstra-aksial, intra-aksial, keduanya), belahan (garis tengah/difus, dekstra, sisnitra), dan area otak yang terlibat dalam cedera. Sampel darah vena untuk IL-6 diambil kurang dari 24 jam setelah trauma. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata kadar IL-6 22,0060 pg/mL (SD 4,64494 pg/mL). Pasien didistribusikan relatif seragam dalam empat kategori yang terdeteksi (difus cedera II, III, V, dan VI) dari klasifikasi CT Marshall. Model regresi akhir terdiri dari IL-6, usia, dan cedera pada area temporal sebagai prediktor. Korelasi antara kadar IL-6 serum dan klasifikasi CT Marshall dianalisis dengan koefisien korelasi Spearman dan mendapatkan rs = -0,005 (P=0,491). Simpulan: Walaupun secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar Il-6 serum dan CT Marshall namun keduanya secara konsisten meningkat mengikuti COBT dan dapat menjadi prediktor potensial untuk menentukan prognosis pada pasien dengan COBT.Kata kunci: IL-6, CT Marshall, COBT

scholarly journals Brain Responses to Acupuncture Are Probably Dependent on the Brain Functional Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanfu Li ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Jinbo Sun ◽  
Chunsheng Xu ◽  
Yuanqiang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Stages ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

In recent years, neuroimaging studies of acupuncture have explored extensive aspects of brain responses to acupuncture in finding its underlying mechanisms. Most of these studies have been performed on healthy adults. Only a few studies have been performed on patients with diseases. Brain responses to acupuncture in patients with the same disease at different pathological stages have not been explored, although it may be more important and helpful in uncovering its underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we used fMRI to compare brain responses to acupuncture in patients with Bell’s palsy at different pathological stages with normal controls and found that the brain response to acupuncture varied at different pathological stages of Bell’s palsy. The brain response to acupuncture decreased in the early stages, increased in the later stages, and nearly returned to normal in the recovered group. All of the changes in the brain response to acupuncture could be explained as resulting from the changes in the brain functional status. Therefore, we proposed that the brain response to acupuncture is dependent on the brain functional status, while further investigation is needed to provide more evidence in support of this proposition.

scholarly journals Functional Implications of Changes in the Senescent Brain: A Review

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H.M. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY:The morphological, chemical, and physiological changes in the brain accompanying old age are reviewed. The deterioration of the striatal and hypothalamic dopaminergic systems were implicated in the onset of age related Parkinsonian-like slowing of performance and altered affect. Cholinergic hippocampal and neocortical systems were chemically and physiologically abnormal in the aged. The implications for slowed cognitive processing and persistance of the memory trace are presented.

scholarly journals 0073 Left Anterior Cingulate Hyperarousal During Sleep Anxiety-Inducing Emotional Tasks Performance in Patients with Insomnia Disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A29-A30
Author(s):  
S Kang ◽  
H Ma ◽  
S Cho ◽  
J Kang ◽  
N Kim
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Interim Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Chronic Insomnia ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Insomnia Disorder ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction Patients with insomnia frequently experience sleep/insomnia-related anxiety; this anxiety has been associated with hyperarousal. We investigated the underlying brain function changes in patients with insomnia during emotional task performance that induced sleep/insomnia-related anxiety. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed during emotional task performance in healthy individuals and patients with insomnia who met the diagnostic criteria of insomnia disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and had chronic insomnia for more than 6 months. The participants underwent fMRI scanning during three types of emotional task performance—insomnia-anxiety task, reading sentences that cause insomnia-related anxiety; general-anxiety task, reading sentences that cause anxiety for everyone; and neutral task, reading neutral sentences that do not cause emotional anxiety. The images obtained from fMRI and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes were compared between patients with insomnia and healthy controls. Interim analysis was performed with the data of 13 patients with insomnia and 9 controls. Results The brain activity in the left anterior cingulate was higher during insomnia-anxiety task performance than that during general-anxiety task performance in the insomnia group (voxel-wise uncorrected p < 0.05; cluster size, 100). In the insomnia group, the brain activity during insomnia-anxiety task performance was not lower in any brain area than that during general-anxiety task performance. Conclusion We show that patients with chronic insomnia experience sleep anxiety related with hyperarousal in the left anterior cingulate area. Additional subject recruitment and re-analysis are needed to confirm the findings of this interim analysis. Support This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03032431).

scholarly journals Carotid Artery Stiffness and Hemodynamic Pulsatility During Cognitive Engagement in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Investigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Heffernan ◽  
Nicole L. Spartano ◽  
Jacqueline A. Augustine ◽  
Wesley K. Lefferts ◽  
William E. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Artery Stiffness ◽  
Pilot Investigation

scholarly journals Do We Have a Cure for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Crino
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Intractable Seizures

The recent development of several mouse models for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) provides in vivo systems to test new therapies for the neurological manifestations of TSC. Rapamycin is known to antagonize the effects of loss of TSC protein function in vitro and in mouse TSC models, rapamycin can prevent seizures and improve learning task performance. These findings provide new hope for TSC patients suffering from intractable seizures and possibly, for those with autism and cognitive disabilities.

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