scholarly journals Location Dependent Spectrum Pricing of Private LTE and 5G Networks in Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topias Kokkinen ◽  
Heikki Kokkinen ◽  
Seppo Yrjola ◽  
Adrian Kliks
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Base Case ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Original Population ◽  
New Employee ◽  
New Location ◽  
Spectrum Pricing ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Emerging private LTE and 5G services and applications have created need for local radio spectrum licensing. The existing pricing models for licenses do not work well in this context. This paper introduces three new location dependent pricing methods that aim to produce more accurate pricing for local licenses. We use Traficom Frequency Fee as our base-case general spectrum pricing model, and we replace the population density based location coefficient with proxies such as employee density, value added per employee, and rent prices. By comparing the differences in the prices yielded by the models, we show that the new models can in some cases identify high demand areas like hospitals and industrial districts better than the original population density based model. Additionally, we conclude that the original population density based model and the new employee density based model could be used together to capture both the consumer and the industrial spectrum demand simultaneously.

scholarly journals Exploration of a New Location Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Chao Huang ◽  
Yuang Mao
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Location Error ◽  
Original Algorithm ◽  
Node Ratio ◽  
Location Algorithm ◽  
Beacon Node ◽  
New Location ◽  
The Average Range ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Range Calculation

<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span lang="EN-US">o further study the basic principle and localization process of DV-Hop location algorithm, the location error reason of traditional location algorithm caused by the minimum hop number </span><span lang="EN-US">wa</span><span lang="EN-US">s analyzed and demonstrated in detail.</span><span lang="EN-US"> The RSSI ranging technology was introduced to modify the minimum hops stage, and the minimum hop number was improved by the DV-Hop algorithm. </span><span lang="EN-US">For the location error caused by the average hop distance, the hop distance of the original algorithm </span><span lang="EN-US">wa</span><span lang="EN-US">s optimized. The improved location algorithm of DV-Hop average hop distance </span><span lang="EN-US">wa</span><span lang="EN-US">s used to modify the average range calculation by introducing the proportion of beacon nodes and the optimal threshold value. The optimization algorithm of the two different stages </span><span lang="EN-US">wa</span><span lang="EN-US">s combined into an improved location algorithm based on hop distance optimization, and the advantages of the two algorithms </span><span lang="EN-US">we</span><span lang="EN-US">re taken into account.</span><span lang="EN-US">Finally, the traditional DV-Hop location algorithm and the three improved location algorithms </span><span lang="EN-US">we</span><span lang="EN-US">re simulated and analyzed by beacon node ratio and node communication radius with multi angle. The experimental results show</span><span lang="EN-US">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> that the improved algorithm </span><span lang="EN-US">wa</span><span lang="EN-US">s better than the original algorithm in the positioning stability and positioning accuracy.</span></p>

Population dynamics of plant parasitic nematodes in Queensland pineapple fields and the effects of these nematodes on pineapple production

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Stirling ◽  
A Nikulin
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Original Population ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Nematode Population Density ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Twelve pineapple fields with various densities of root-knot nematode were selected during a ratoon crop. Nematode populations were monitored regularly after the crop was ploughed out. Regardless of the original population density, rootknot nematodes were almost nondetectable at the end of the subsequent 3-6-month fallow intercycle period. In the absence of nematicide treatment there were marked differences between sites in the manner in which rootknot nematodes increased in the newly planted crop. At some sites, they were detectable 9-15 months after planting, whereas at other sites, nematodes were not observed at 15 months. Increases in ratoon crop yield following application of ethylene dibromide or fenamiphos were related to root-knot nematode population density. Significant increases in yield were not obtained at sites where the nematode was not detectable at 15 months. The results suggest that some pineapple growers are needlessly applying nematicides and that nematode diagnostic services should be developed to provide growers with advice on their nematode management programs.

scholarly journals A Robust Security Architecture for SDN-Based 5G Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Yao ◽  
Zhigeng Han ◽  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Liangmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
High Data ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Network Communications ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Better Than

5G is the latest generation of cellular mobile communications. Due to its significant advantage in high data rate, reduced latency and massive device connectivity, the 5G network plays a vital role in today’s commercial telecommunications networks. However, the 5G network also faces some challenges when used in practice. This is because it consists of various diverse ingredients, termed heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of the 5G network has two consequences: first, it prevents us to use this technology in a uniform way, preventing the wide use of 5G technology; second, it complicates the structure of the 5G network, making it hard to monitor what is going on in a 5G network. To break through this limitation, researchers have worked in this field and design their own protocol, in which software-defined networking (SDN) is one key design concept. By separating control and data plane, SDN can make the 5G network functional and programmable, such that we can handle the heterogeneity in traditional 5G networks. In light of this, we say that SDN-5G network is attractive, but its advantages are not free. The intelligence centralization used in SDN has its own drawbacks when it comes to security. To break through this limitation, we propose a robust security architecture for SDN-based 5G Networks. To find the illegal request from malicious attackers, we add extra cryptographic authentication, termed synchronize secret. The basic idea of our scheme is leveraging preload secrets to differ attacks from regular network communications. The simulation results indicate that our work can completely handle the security problem from SDN with a low disconnect rate of 0.01%, which is much better than that from state of the art.

Durability and Aesthetic Properties of Kenaf/Cotton Blend Fabrics

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 803-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gita N. Ramaswamy ◽  
Elizabeth P. Easter
Keyword(s):  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
End Use ◽  
Kenaf Fibers ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Thread Count ◽  
Made In

To evaluate the serviceability of a new textile product made of an unconventional fiber blend, it is important to determine if the fabric meets the specific standards required for the intended end-use. The value-added textile products of interest are fabrics made of 50/50 kenaf/cotton in the filling direction and 100% cotton in the warp direction, made in sateen, plain, twill, and oxford weaves. The control fabrics are of 100% cotton in only the plain and sateen weaves. The fabrics are characterized and compared based on ten of the most common fabric properties that affect their performance in everyday use: thread count, thickness, weight, breaking strength and elongation, dimensional stability, wrinkle recovery, abrasion resistance, tear strength, staining and stain release, and pilling resistance. Breaking strength of the experimental fabrics compares well with the control fabrics. Elongation at break is greater in the warp direction (19–35%) than in the filling direction (11–15%), but this difference is not significant. Wrinkle recovery for both fabrics is the same and improves over time. Shrinkage is identical in both fabrics. There is no significant difference in the stiffness of the two fabrics, possibly due to the carding step where kenaf fibers are carded to resemble cotton fibers. Abrasion and pilling resistance are good to excellent. Tear resistance is lower for the experimental fabrics compared with the controls, but it does pass the requirements for both upholstery and apparel fabrics. Kenaf/cotton blends perform the same or better than 100% cotton in their ability to release water-based stains, but the oil stain rates between 3 and 4, indicating a residual stain. Stain resistance can be improved by applying a soil-resistant finish. This study demonstrates that kenaf/cotton blend fabrics meet or exceed the performance requirements for both apparel ( i.e., outer wear items such as barn jackets, hunting vests, overalls, and caps) and upholstery fabrics. Additional advantages of the blend fabrics may be luster, interesting texture, and lightness.

scholarly journals Scene Understanding Technology of Intelligent Customer Service Robot Based on Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2066 (1) ◽  
pp. 012049
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Scene Understanding ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Service Robot ◽  
Similarity Threshold ◽  
Service Staff ◽  
Better Than

Abstract As a value-added service that improves the efficiency of online customer service, customer service robots have been well received by sellers in recent years. Because the robot strives to free the customer service staff from the heavy consulting services in the past, thereby reducing the seller’s operating costs and improving the quality of online services. The purpose of this article is to study the intelligent customer service robot scene understanding technology based on deep learning. It mainly introduces some commonly used models and training methods of deep learning and the application fields of deep learning. Analyzed the problems of the traditional Encoder-Decoder framework, and introduced the chat model designed in this paper based on these problems, that is, the intelligent chat robot model (T-DLLModel) obtained by combining the neural network topic model and the deep learning language model. Conduct an independent question understanding experiment based on question retelling and a question understanding experiment combined with contextual information on the dialogue between online shopping customer service and customers. The experimental results show that when the similarity threshold is 0.4, the method achieves better results, and an F value of 0.5 is achieved. The semantic similarity calculation method proposed in this paper is better than the traditional method based on keywords and semantic information, especially when the similarity threshold increases, the recall rate of this paper is significantly better than the traditional method. The method in this article has a slightly better answer sorting effect on the real customer service dialogue data than the method based on LDA.

scholarly journals POPULATION DENSITY IN RURAL AREAS AS A DRIVER OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan POLCYN ◽  
Bazyli CZYŻEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Education System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Nursery Schools ◽  
Capital Development

Rural areas are typically characterised by uneven access to education and the resulting varying levels of pupils’ educational attainment. The inefficiency of the education system may lead to a decreased level of human capital development in the society. It is therefore vital to identify the factors responsible for the inefficiency of the education system and take steps to mitigate their negative impact. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between the population density in rural areas, the pupils’ average level of examination performance and the educational value added. The analyses were based on the exam results achieved by lower secondary school-leavers in 1,372 rural communes between 2012 and 2014. The original intention was to include all rural communes in the analysis. However, due to the incompleteness of the data concerning some of the communes, they were eventually excluded from the study. The final sample for analysis consisted of about 58% of all rural communes in Poland. The communes were divided into classes, based on the criterion of population density. The objects under study were arranged in an ascending order according to the value of the population density variable, and then divided into four classes (class A contained 25% of communes with the highest population density). The classes thus defined were used as a qualitative predictor in the subsequently performed ANOVA test. As a next step, contrasts were determined by applying a simple contrast to the analysed classes of communes. The analyses revealed that the highest examination results were achieved in the communes with the highest population density, while the lowest examination results were found in the communes with the lowest population density. This dependence may be indicative of educational negligence at lower levels of education, in this particular case - at the stage of primary school. The results of the analyses point to the need for expanding the network of nursery schools. To address the above problem, financial support should be provided from the state budget to social initiatives aimed at increasing the access to nursery schools, e.g. by creating an appropriate system of subsidies for nursery schools run by both local governments and private entities.

scholarly journals Combining cloud radar and radar wind profiler for a value added estimate of vertical air motion and particle terminal velocity within clouds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Radenz ◽  
Johannes Bühl ◽  
Volker Lehmann ◽  
Ulrich Görsdorf ◽  
Ronny Leinweber
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Wind Profiler ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Cloud Radar ◽  
A Value ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Air Motion ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Vertical-stare observations from a 482 MHz radar wind profiler and a 35 GHz cloud radar are combined on the level of individual Doppler spectra to measure vertical air motions in clear air, clouds and precipitation. For this purpose, a separation algorithm is proposed to remove the influence of falling particles from the wind profiler Doppler spectra and to calculate the terminal fall velocity of hydrometeors. The remaining error of both vertical air motion and terminal fall velocity is estimated to be better than 0.1 m s−1 using numerical simulations. This combination of both instruments allows direct measurements of in-cloud vertical air velocity and particle terminal fall velocity by means of ground-based remote sensing. The possibility of providing a profile every 10 s with a height resolution of

scholarly journals Short-Term Electric Load Prediction and Early Warning in Industrial Parks Based on Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Guannan Wang ◽  
Pei Yang ◽  
Jiayi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Load Forecasting ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Load Prediction ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Warning Model ◽  
Technical Products ◽  
Better Than

This paper proposes a load forecasting method based on LSTM model, fully explores the regularity of historical load data of industrial park enterprises, inputs the data features into LSTM units for feature extraction, and applies the attention-based model for load forecasting. The experiments show that the accuracy of our prediction model and early warning model is better than that of the baseline and can reach the standard of application in practice; this model can also be used for early warning of local sudden large loads and identification of enterprise power demand. Therefore, the validity of the method proposed in this paper is verified using the historical dataset of industrial parks, and relevant technical products and business models are formed to provide value-added services to users by combining existing practical cases for the specific scenario of industrial parks.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Scheduling Algorithms on 5G Networks using Network Simulator

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-539
Author(s):  
Doan Perdana ◽  
Aji Nur Sanyoto ◽  
Yoseph Gustommy Bisono
Keyword(s):  
Round Robin ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Video Traffic ◽  
Fairness Index ◽  
Voice Traffic ◽  
Performance Evaluation And Comparison ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

In this research, we compared the Round Robin (RR) and the Proportional Fair (PF) algorithms for different user equipment density scenarios using voice and video traffic, to evaluate the key impact on performance of 5G mmwave network. This research simulated on NS3.27 with an integrated mmwave module. Based on the result, we found that the RR is a good choice for voice traffic. It has a throughput of 3.65% better than PF with similar fairness index. On the other hand, we found that the PF is the right choice for video traffic due to has better result for throughput. It has a throughput of 1.24% better than RR. For fairness index round robin has better result for voice and video traffic.

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