Spontaneous conception outcome in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography

Abstract Background: Four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) is the preferred way for evaluating fallopian tubal patency and it associated with higher rate of spontaneous conception. However, Few studies have evaluated the influencing factors of spontaneous conception in 4D-HyCoSy and suggested ways to choose treatment options after 4D-HyCoSy. The study was to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients’ clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women to provide reference on ways to manage the patient after 4D-HyCoSy.Methods: This was a retrospective study and analysis of two hundred and eighty three (283) infertile patients who underwent a 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017 in our center. Eligible patients were those whose partners semen parameters were normal when based on World Health Organization(WHO) criteria, and had spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy.Result(s): One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. Within a year after 4D-HyCoSy, the spontaneous conception rate was highest in type VI(62.5%), followed by type IV (46.2%), type III (44.4%), type V (39.4%), type II (33.9%) and type I (14.8%). With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years. The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy.Conclusion(s): This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, We recommend the usage of 4D-HyCoSy as first line for tubal patency test and infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible. Expectant treatment of about 8-9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency. Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateral obstructed tubes .

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Spontaneous conception outcome in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30082/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yu liu ◽

ning zhang ◽

yanni he ◽

jiayao shi ◽

meijun zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conception Rate ◽

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Type I ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Spontaneous Conception ◽

Type Iv ◽

History Of ◽

Infertile Patients

Abstract Background: Four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) is the preferred way for evaluating fallopian tubal patency and it associated with higher rate of spontaneous conception. However, Few studies have evaluated the influencing factors of spontaneous conception in 4D-HyCoSy and suggested ways to choose treatment options after 4D-HyCoSy. The study was to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients’ clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women to provide reference on ways to manage the patient after 4D-HyCoSy.Methods: This was a retrospective study and analysis of two hundred and eighty three (283) infertile patients who underwent a 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017 in our center. Eligible patients were those whose partners semen parameters were normal when based on World Health Organization(WHO) criteria, and had spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy.Result(s): One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. Within a year after 4D-HyCoSy, the spontaneous conception rate was highest in type VI(62.5%), followed by type IV (46.2%), type III (44.4%), type V (39.4%), type II (33.9%) and type I (14.8%). With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years. The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy.Conclusion(s): This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, We recommend the usage of 4D-HyCoSy as first line for tubal patency test and infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible. Expectant treatment of about 8-9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency. Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateral obstructed tubes .

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Spontaneous conception outcome in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03315-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Ning Zhang ◽

Yanni He ◽

Jiayao Shi ◽

Meijun Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conception Rate ◽

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Type I ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Spontaneous Conception ◽

Type Iv ◽

History Of ◽

Infertile Patients

Abstract Background Four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) is the preferred way for evaluating fallopian tubal patency and it associated with higher rate of spontaneous conception. However, Few studies have evaluated the influencing factors of spontaneous conception in 4D-HyCoSy and suggested ways to choose treatment options after 4D-HyCoSy. The study was to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients’ clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women to provide reference on ways to manage the patient after 4D-HyCoSy. Methods This was a retrospective study and analysis of two hundred and eighty three (283) infertile patients who underwent a 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017 in our center. Eligible patients were those whose partners semen parameters were normal when based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and had spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy. Result(s) One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. Within a year after 4D-HyCoSy, the spontaneous conception rate was highest in type VI(62.5%), followed by type IV (46.2%), type III (44.4%), type V (39.4%), type II (33.9%) and type I (14.8%). With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years. The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy. Conclusion(s) This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, We recommend the usage of 4D-HyCoSy as first line for tubal patency test and infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible. Expectant treatment of about 8–9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency. Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateral obstructed tubes .

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Spontaneous conception outcome in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30082/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yu liu ◽

ning zhang ◽

yanni he ◽

jiayao shi ◽

meijun zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conception Rate ◽

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Type I ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Spontaneous Conception ◽

Type Iv ◽

History Of ◽

Infertile Patients

Abstract Background: Four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) is the preferred way for evaluating fallopian tubal patency and it associated with higher rate of spontaneous conception. However, Few studies have evaluated the influencing factors of spontaneous conception in 4D-HyCoSy and suggested ways to choose treatment options after 4D-HyCoSy. The study was to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients’ clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women to provide reference on ways to manage the patient after 4D-HyCoSy.Methods: This was a retrospective study and analysis of two hundred and eighty three (283) infertile patients who underwent a 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017 in our center. Eligible patients were those whose partners semen parameters were normal when based on World Health Organization(WHO) criteria, and had spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy.Result(s): One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. Within a year after 4D-HyCoSy, the spontaneous conception rate was highest in type VI(62.5%), followed by type IV (46.2%), type III (44.4%), type V (39.4%), type II (33.9%) and type I (14.8%). With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years. The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy.Conclusion(s): This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, We recommend the usage of 4D-HyCoSy as first line for tubal patency test and infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible. Expectant treatment of about 8-9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency. Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateral obstructed tubes .

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Analysis of the Spontaneous Conception Outcome in Infertile Women After Four-dimensional Hysterosalpingo-Contrast-Sonography

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30082/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yu liu ◽

ning zhang ◽

yanni he ◽

jiayao shi ◽

meijun zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Clinical Intervention ◽

World Health ◽

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Spontaneous Conception ◽

History Of ◽

Infertile Patients

Abstract Background: to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients’ clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy).Methods:Two hundred and eighty three infertile patients performed 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017,based on a normal semen analysis according to World Health Organization criteria, spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy, were trying to become conception. We analyzed the relationship between spontaneous conception outcome and clinical characteristics and tubal patency of infertile women after 4D-HyCoSy.Result(s): One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years.The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy.Conclusion(s):This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible and based on the 4D-HyCoSy they could chose the appropriate clinical intervention. According to the results, expectant treatment of about 8-9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency, especially for those with bilateral tubes patency or bilateral tubes poor patency.Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateralobstructed tubes.

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African experience of hysterosalpingography abnormalities tubes management by laparoscopy in infertile women

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20194842 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 4271

Author(s):

Mohamed Fanny ◽

Edele Aka ◽

Perel Konan ◽

Luc Olou ◽

Abdoul K. Koffi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Fallopian Tubes ◽

Tubal Infertility ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

African Experience ◽

Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽

Therapeutic Procedures ◽

History Of ◽

Sub Saharan

Background: Infertility affects about 80 million people worldwide and one in ten couples. The objective of this study was to report our experience of the contribution of laparoscopy in the diagnostic and prognostic approach of fallopian tubes pathology in infertile women in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the Gynecology and Obstetrics unit of Yopougon Teaching Hospital over a 2-year period (January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018) which included 49 cases of tubo-peritoneal infertility diagnosed by hysterosalpingography (HSG) then laparoscopy procedure.Results: The average age was 33 years old. 30.6 % were single. 75% had secondary infertility. 59.2% had a medical history of abortion. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and pelvic surgery accounted 84.2% and 49 respectively. Laparoscopy showed a predominance of distal tubal damage (66.6%) whose 47% hydrosalpinx. Bilateral tubal patency was demonstrated in 77.5% of our patients during laparoscopy procedure. We observed a sensitivity, a specificity, and a concordance laparoscopy / HSG of 63.6%, 80% 63.1% respectively. Laparoscopy also allowed therapeutic procedures such as adhesiolysis or tubal plasty in 22 patients (44.89% of our cases). At the end of laparoscopy procedure, 35 patients (71.42%) were turned towards IVF.Conclusions: Laparoscopy allows an assessment of tubal abnormalities revealed by hysterosalpingography and the fertility prognostic as well as better therapeutic approach in management of tubal infertility.

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HORODNYTSIA TREASURE: VOLODYMYR SVIATOSLAVYCH'S SILVER COINS

THE UKRAINIAN NUMISMATIC ANNUAL ◽

10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-259-268 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 259-268

Author(s):

Oleksander Alf’orov ◽

Andrii Petrauskas

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Type I ◽

National Academy Of Sciences ◽

Local Resident ◽

Metal Detector ◽

Type Iv ◽

History Of ◽

Village Council ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

The Village

The discovery of the Horodnytsia treasure took place in the following graduality. In the evening of 27rd of August 2020 near the village of Horodnytsia, Novohrad-Volynskyi district, Zhytomyr region the local resident Serhii Komar found the treasure of coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych (Volodymyr the Great, Volodymyr the Saint) and Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (“Sviatopolk the Cursed”). The treasure find took place in the forest near the river Sluch while extraction of the sand for household needs. In the morning of 28rd of August the treasure was transferred to the local government authorities – the village council of Horodnytsia according to the Ukrainian law. The expertise of the treasure was carried out at place of find by Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov – the researcher of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The treasure consisted of 32 silver coins (sribnyks) inclusively 26 coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych and 6 coins of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych. Next day the group of scientists with the chief of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dr. Andrii Petrauskas and the representative of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, the head of the Department of permitting and approval documentation in the branch of the cultural heritage protection – Dr. Bohdan Motsia and the head of the Early Iron Age Archeology department of the National Museum of Ukrainian History – Dr. Serhii Didenko and the research fellow of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov and the director of the Novohrad-Volynskyi Local Lore Museum – Olena Zhovtyuk and the workmate of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Oleksander Minaev. At that place after the professional archeological excavations was discovered the traces of the pit where the treasure was placed. Additionally one more coin and 5 fragments were discovered during the excavation using a metal detector. Thus, on 29th of August 2020, the Horodnytsia treasure numbered 38 coins: 31 sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great (II-IV coin types according to Ivan Tolstoy’s the typological classification), and 7 sribnyks of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (all three known coin types). Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest. Analyzing the complex we can suggest that its hoarding took place during the reign of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych or possibly after his death. Thus, all of the sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great are represent by three of the four types of prince’s issues. Generally speaking, the Type II numbered 6 pieces, Type III numbered 16 pieces and Type IV numbered 9 pieces. And the Type I is absent in the hoard. 10 coins are minted by previously unknown die pairs (in the treasure №№ 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 32, 34, 38). Additionally interesting are 2 coins with the unknown die combination (in the treasure №№ 15, 22). Their obverses are already published but the reverses are being published for the first time. Thus, 31 sribnyks were investigated and ten of them are minted by previously unknown die pairs and two by unknown die combinations. Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest, as well as one that can be classified as authentic, which is additionally confirmed by the discovery of coins at the place of the treasury find. The unique feature of the Horodnytsia treasure can be considered that the place of its discovery was examined archaeologically: the peculiarities of its topography, conditions of occurrence, stratigraphy and location in the settlement system of the region were revealed. It should be underlined that the treasure was found in the region, where the sribnyks of Volodymyr and Sviatopolk were previously unknown among the coin finds. Unlike the previous finds of sribnyks, the Horodnytsia treasure was not transferred to the private collections abroad, but replenished the museum fund of Ukraine. The further research of the treasure with the use of the newest modern technologies will increase the information potential of this treasure.

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Three-dimensional Hysterosalpingo Contrast Sonography with Lignosal as Contrast for Evaluation of Tubal Patency in the Infertile Women – An Observational Cohort Study

American Journal of Sonography ◽

10.25259/ajs-46-2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Chegondi V N Rao ◽

Chegondi Sindhu ◽

Murali Krishna Kota

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Second Phase ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Fallopian Tubes ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Tubal Occlusion ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Institutional Review ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

Infertile Patients

Objectives The objectives of the study were to evaluate the two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) using lignosal (a mixture of lignocaine 2% jelly with normal saline) as a contrast agent for assessing fallopian tubal patency in infertile patients. Materials and Methods After obtaining the Institutional Review Board permission, a single center prospective study was conducted to evaluate the validity of 3D-HyCoSy with lignosal to assess the patency of fallopian tubes in infertile women. In total 540 infertile patients were recruited for this study. Bilateral fallopian tube patency was confirmed when fallopian tubes were seen as echogenic tubular structures with peritoneal spill under real-time 3D/2D-HyCoSy. Results In the first phase of the study, 2D-HyCoSy without 3D acquisition was made in 20 patients (40 tubes). 2D-HyCoSy with lignosal contrast shown tubal patency in 95% and radiographic hysterosalpingography (HSG) resulted in 97.5% tubal patency with 5% inconclusive results by HyCoSy. In the second phase, data from 520 patients showed bilateral tubal patency in 463 patients (89.03%), unilateral tubal occlusion in 49 patients (9.42%), and bilateral tubal occlusion in eight patients (1.53%). No untoward side effects were noticed and reported by the patients during and after the HyCoSy procedure with lignosal. Conclusions 3D-HyCoSy with lignosal allowed the entire length of the fallopian tubes to be seen as contrast moved through the fallopian tubes to the fimbrial end. A “shower” of contrast around the ovaries is visualized confirming the peritoneal spill. Use of lignosal provides an alternative imaging method for evaluating the tubal patency in infertile patients.

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Loss of HDAC3 results in nonreceptive endometrium and female infertility

Science Translational Medicine ◽

10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf7533 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (474) ◽

pp. eaaf7533 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Tae Hoon Kim ◽

Jung-Yoon Yoo ◽

Kyung-Chul Choi ◽

Jung-Ho Shin ◽

Richard E. Leach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Activation ◽

Collagen Type I ◽

Control Group ◽

Type I ◽

Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽

Eutopic Endometrium ◽

Histone Deacetylase 3 ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Infertile Patients ◽

P300 Recruitment

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside the uterus and causes chronic pelvic pain and infertility. However, the exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated infertility are unknown. Epigenetic dysregulation has recently been implicated in infertility. Here, we report a reduction of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) protein amounts in eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis compared to a control group. To investigate the effect of HDAC3 loss in the uterus, we generated mice with conditional ablation of Hdac3 in progesterone receptor (PGR)–positive cells (Pgrcre/+Hdac3f/f; Hdac3d/d). Loss of Hdac3 in the uterus of mice results in infertility due to implantation failure and decidualization defect. Expression microarray and ChIP-seq analyses identified COL1A1 and COL1A2 as direct targets of HDAC3 in both mice and humans. Reduction of HDAC3 abrogated decidualization in a primary culture of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) similar to that observed in infertile patients with endometriosis. Whereas attenuation of HDAC3 resulted in p300 recruitment to Col1a1 and Col1a2 genes in the uterus of mice as well as hESCs, inhibition of p300 permitted hESCs to undergo decidualization. Collectively, we found attenuation of HDAC3 and overexpression of collagen type I in the eutopic endometrium of infertile patients with endometriosis. HDAC3 loss caused a defect of decidualization through the aberrant transcriptional activation of Col1a1 and Col1a2 genes in mice and COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes in humans. Our results suggest that HDAC3 is critical for endometrial receptivity and decidualization.

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Evaluation of tubal patency in infertile patients with saline infusion sonosalpingogram

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182411 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 2590

Author(s):

Deepa Shanmugham ◽

Ramadoss Kabilan Vidhyalakshmi ◽

Jessy Varghese

Keyword(s):

Predictive Value ◽

Saline Infusion ◽

Tubal Patency ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Study Population ◽

Tubal Disease ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Work Up ◽

Infertile Patients

Background: The incidence of tubal disease in infertility in India is as high as 40%. The aim of our study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Saline Infusion Sonosalpingogram (SSG) in the assessment of tubal patency in infertile patients with laparoscopy as the gold standard.Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology on 50 consecutive infertile patients. Patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease were excluded from the study. After complete examination and basic infertility work up, the tubal patency testing by Saline Infusion Sonosalpingogram was performed on day 8 of the cycle, followed by diagnostic laparoscopy with chromopertubation to confirm the tubal patency.Results: Out of 50 enrolled patients, 3 were excluded during the course of study. Thus, the study population comprised of 47 infertile women. During our study, 42 patients had tubes patent on SSG, out of which 41 patients had patent tubes on laparoscopy. 2 patients with blocked tubes on SSG had patent tubes on laparoscopy. 3 patients had blocked tubes on both SSG and laparoscopy. On statistical analysis, the sensitivity of SSG in diagnosing tubal patency is 95.34%, specificity 75%, positive predictive value 97.65% and negative predictive value 60%.Conclusions: Saline Infusion Sonosalpingogram is a simple, safe, convenient procedure for assessment of tubal patency in infertile women. It can be included in basic infertility work up. Hence, laparoscopy can be reserved for patients with tubal block, suspected pelvic pathology and unexplained infertility.

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