HORODNYTSIA TREASURE: VOLODYMYR SVIATOSLAVYCH'S SILVER COINS

The discovery of the Horodnytsia treasure took place in the following graduality. In the evening of 27rd of August 2020 near the village of Horodnytsia, Novohrad-Volynskyi district, Zhytomyr region the local resident Serhii Komar found the treasure of coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych (Volodymyr the Great, Volodymyr the Saint) and Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (“Sviatopolk the Cursed”). The treasure find took place in the forest near the river Sluch while extraction of the sand for household needs. In the morning of 28rd of August the treasure was transferred to the local government authorities – the village council of Horodnytsia according to the Ukrainian law. The expertise of the treasure was carried out at place of find by Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov – the researcher of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The treasure consisted of 32 silver coins (sribnyks) inclusively 26 coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych and 6 coins of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych. Next day the group of scientists with the chief of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dr. Andrii Petrauskas and the representative of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, the head of the Department of permitting and approval documentation in the branch of the cultural heritage protection – Dr. Bohdan Motsia and the head of the Early Iron Age Archeology department of the National Museum of Ukrainian History – Dr. Serhii Didenko and the research fellow of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov and the director of the Novohrad-Volynskyi Local Lore Museum – Olena Zhovtyuk and the workmate of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Oleksander Minaev. At that place after the professional archeological excavations was discovered the traces of the pit where the treasure was placed. Additionally one more coin and 5 fragments were discovered during the excavation using a metal detector. Thus, on 29th of August 2020, the Horodnytsia treasure numbered 38 coins: 31 sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great (II-IV coin types according to Ivan Tolstoy’s the typological classification), and 7 sribnyks of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (all three known coin types). Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest. Analyzing the complex we can suggest that its hoarding took place during the reign of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych or possibly after his death. Thus, all of the sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great are represent by three of the four types of prince’s issues. Generally speaking, the Type II numbered 6 pieces, Type III numbered 16 pieces and Type IV numbered 9 pieces. And the Type I is absent in the hoard. 10 coins are minted by previously unknown die pairs (in the treasure №№ 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 32, 34, 38). Additionally interesting are 2 coins with the unknown die combination (in the treasure №№ 15, 22). Their obverses are already published but the reverses are being published for the first time. Thus, 31 sribnyks were investigated and ten of them are minted by previously unknown die pairs and two by unknown die combinations. Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest, as well as one that can be classified as authentic, which is additionally confirmed by the discovery of coins at the place of the treasury find. The unique feature of the Horodnytsia treasure can be considered that the place of its discovery was examined archaeologically: the peculiarities of its topography, conditions of occurrence, stratigraphy and location in the settlement system of the region were revealed. It should be underlined that the treasure was found in the region, where the sribnyks of Volodymyr and Sviatopolk were previously unknown among the coin finds. Unlike the previous finds of sribnyks, the Horodnytsia treasure was not transferred to the private collections abroad, but replenished the museum fund of Ukraine. The further research of the treasure with the use of the newest modern technologies will increase the information potential of this treasure.

Implementation Analysis of the Village Council Function in Donowarih Village Administration, Malang Regency

Implementation of the functions of The Village Government (BPD) had a major role in achieving the performance of governance in the village. The effectiveness in carrying out the functions was determined by the synchronization related to the factors such as supervision, policy-making, and delivery of the aspirations of the people. To answer this, the study was intended to analyze the implementation of the function of BPD in Donowarih Village by using qualitative approach-based software with tools of the analysis Nvivo. Data coleection was obtained through observation, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and the study of literature. The stages of analysis was conducted by using Nvivo begins with an assessment of the three functions of BPD as embodied in Article 55 of Law No. 6 of 2014 about the Village. The results of this research showed that implementation of the functions of BPD in Donowarih Village was less effective caused by several factors, among others: the composition of human resources, facilities support activities of BPD, the differentiation of the major work of each member of the BPD, and the lack of benefits received by BPD members. Therefore, implementation of the function of BPD in Donowarih Village was less than the maximum due to such factors greatly affecting the performance of the glittering efforts of governance in the Donowarih Village.

On the work of the medical team during the spring sowing season in 1932 at the "Jedalik" collective farm of the Nariman village council of the Aravan-Burin region Kir. YSSR

Plan: 1 / General characteristics of the collective farm, 2 / production plan, 3 / work of the health center: a / introduction of a minimum of sanitary, b / approaching first aid to the brigade, c / organization of sanitary posts, d / combating injuries and simulation and absenteeism, e / organization and assistance to a kindergarten and a playground, f / provision of medical assistance at a health center, the fight against smallpox.

Kinship and emergence of political leaders in Pakhtun society: A comparison of ANP and JUI-F in electoral politics in Charsadda, Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to describe kinship system and its relationship with the emergence of political leaders in district Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). This study elaborates the role of kinship in the emergence of leaders at micro levels i.e., Village Council, Union Council, Tehsil Council and District Council. The study analyses the impact of kinship in the electoral politics of Awami National Party (ANP) and Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam Fazlur Rehman (JUI-F). The ANP leaders and followers are mostly the local inhabitants of Charsadda having large number of kin members. While on the other hand, the JUI-F leaders and followers are mostly immigrants of the other districts of KP having limited number of kin members in tehsil Charsadda. However, at micro level both the parties’ leaders and their family members attempt to make fusion against the distant relatives in order to win the election. This paper describes that how the number of kin members directly affects the victory and defeat of ANP and JUI-F? This study argues that kinship and neighbourhood have significant impact in the emergence of leaders at micro level. Qualitative research method was used and the tools for data collection were participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.

Tribal’s Perception on Governance of Village Council (Dorbar) System: A Case Study of West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya State

The traditional local governance system is as old as the history of humanity but only recently it has entered into the broad academic discourse due to different societal setting exist in different societies. The author tries to argue that due to the presence of illiteracy, poverty, inaccessibility of communication facilities, the so called tribal elites are governing the society as according to their own will and at the same devoid of traditional customary laws. Therefore, the author tries to address the issues and at the same time provide the suggestive measures for reform in order to have a better governance at the Village council (Dorbar) system in the State of Meghalaya.

THE MODELING OF THE YIELDING CAPACITY OF WINTER CEREALS DUE TO SATELLITE MONITORING DATA OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN UKRAINE

The paper reveals the method of work in the geoinformation system Crop Monitoring on the basis of satellite monitoring data on the example of comparison of two neighboring land uses outside Bortkiv village council of Zolochiv district of Lviv region. One has determined the size of the areas of crops of winter cereals and deduced the dependence between the index of the vegetative index NDVI and their yield capacity on the basis of the estimation of the state of land use by the processing of space information. One has suggested to take into account the value of NDVI when calculating the yield of winter cereals using mathematical modeling. The results obtained from the satellite monitoring data are proposed to be used for the planning of winter cerels yields, determining the area of their sowing and optimizing the harvesting time.

Estimation of the beekeeping industry during the Great Patriotic War on the example of the Bolsheuchinsky village soviet of the Udmurt ASSR

Based on archival documents Of the Central state archive of the UR, the analysis of the state of beekeeping in the Udmurt ASSR was carried out on the example of Bolsheuchisnky village Council – one of the largest and steadily developing village councils. It was determined that flax and buckwheat were sown as one of the main honey crops. Cannabis crops also occupied a small area. Statistical archive data on the area of legume crops sown on farms of Bolsheuchinsky agricultural district showed that during the second world war there was a 3.8-fold decrease in sown areas. There is a deterioration in the agronomic level, which has affected the level of agricultural production. In a number of collective farms were low yields, increased infestation of fields, there were large losses during harvesting. The reduction of crops was also due to natural and climatic complications. In 1942, the maximum amount of honey (1.4% of the collected amount) was allocated under the expenditure item "to the homeland defense Fund". In the years of the second world war, the item of expenditure on production needs averaged 15%, with the exception of 1944 – 0.2%. Throughout the second world war, honey was distributed to the Fund for assistance to the needy (disabled people and children). creches). During the war period, with an almost stable number of bee colonies in the studied farms, the amount of honey obtained during the studied years was unstable. The minimum peak of honey collection was in 1944 – 181.37 kg due to the cold summer (the average monthly temperature of the summer months was 15-16°C). Probably, this stage of development of beekeeping during the second world war was a kind of test for the strength of both the system of labor organization in the apiary and the professionalism of beekeepers who passed all the tests with "excellent".

Village Council in Paris: “French” Episode in the Story “For Future Use” by Platonov

The article focuses on one of the episodes of Andrey Platonov’s story “For Future Use.” The episode dealing with Efim Nechaev’s trip to Paris is a response to international issues as discussed in the Communist Party official speeches and newspaper publications and has recognizable literature parallels with the so-called “foreign texts” by other writers (V.V. Mayakovsky, A.M. Gorky). This scene was written in early 1930 and was only kept in the first edition of the story. The aggravation of Soviet-French relationships and an all-Union recyclable materials collection campaign are both reflected in the passage involving a kolkhoz (collective farm) activist who is ready to start collectivization and dispossession of kulaks in Paris and trying to solve the economic problems of the USSR by a new original type of export which he invented. Explanatory notes reveal the grotesqueness of Platonov’s plot combining the political idea of exporting the socialist revolution to the West and the economic task of waste export.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of drainage systems within the Desantne Village Council in Kiliya district of Odessa region

Relevance of research. Irrigated agriculture in the steppe regions of the southern Ukraine was naturally accompanied by negative phenomena. Among the most significant of them is flooding on agricultural land as a result water imbalance of the active water exchange zone when using irrigation. A significant part of this water as filtration losses from the irrigation network and directly when watering land goes to the aeration zone and reaches the surface of groundwater, increasing its supply. As a result, the groundwater level increases, the amplitude of which increases depending on the depth of groundwater, the intensity of irrigation, the distance from the irrigation network, the method of irrigation and other factors. In recent years, the number of actually irrigated areas located on irrigated lands is significantly reduced and at the same time the area of "dry" drainage is increasing. Therefore, one of the most pressing problems for today is the analysis of the condition of drainage and discharge network throughout Ukraine. Thus, the purpose of the research is to study the drainage and discharge network of the south-west of Odesa region to determine the current condition and prospects for its further use. The objectives of the research include monitoring of groundwater levels for the period of 1991 - 2019, determining the condition of the drainage and discharge network within the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region. Theoretical methods of scientific research were used: monitoring, observation, analysis, survey, evaluation, comparison, generalization. The results of the study of closed drainage systems in the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region showed that their effectiveness is insufficient. Recently, due to the cessation of irrigation at the research and production sites, groundwater level has fallen below the drains, the drainage has stopped operating and has been in a dry condition for a long time. The groundwater level in the drainage areas was at the depths of mainly 3.5-4.3 m. 24% of the inspection wells were destroyed, and 38.6% of them had no reinforced concrete cover rings. For a long time the closed horizontal drainage has been in unsatisfactory technical condition. Main conclusions: Drainage on irrigated lands should optimize the water-salt regime of soils, while moisture and salt reserves during the growing season in the root zone should be strictly dosed and ensure high crop yields as well as suitable hydrogeological and reclamation conditions on irrigated lands and adjacent areas. Introduction of large-scale parcellation of land and the land of reclamation funds as well as paid water use should not lead to the deterioration of the technical condition of the collector-drainage network. Drainage systems, as a means of groundwater level reducing, are especially relevant in land reclamation and flood protection of rural settlements. In the southern regions of Ukraine this problem was dealt with by Bayer R., Zelenin I., Lyutaev B., Miedviediev O., Miedviedieva O., Romashchenko M., Savchuk D. and others. Most systems were built on irrigation arrays in the Soviet times, ie 30-50 or more years ago. Redistribution and parcellation of agricultural land have led to the decline of the systems and the deterioration of their efficiency. Such works allow to analyze the operation of each drainage systems and make reasonable conclusions about their further use in terms of economic and environmental feasibility.