High-performance aqueous sodium-ion/sulfur battery using elemental sulfur
Abstract Despite a promising outlook, the large-scale application of aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (ARSIBs) was impeded due to low-capacity electrode materials. Herein we report a high capacity elemental sulfur-based anode (S@NiVP/Pi-NCS) for aqueous rechargeable sodium ion-sulfur batteries using 70 % of elemental sulfur which deliver an outstanding capacity of 826 mA h/g at 0.5 C with an excellent cycling stability even at 10 C and a negligible capacity decay with 0.03 % sulfur loss per cycle even after 400 cycles. In-situ spectro-electrochemical analysis confirms good anchoring ability of the anode and a faster redox kinetics of polysulfide conversion. The chemical interaction with vanadium provides faster redox kinetics of polysulfide conversion and efficient anchoring as revealed by XPS and was further supported by XANES and EXAFS studies wherein the distortion at the V site and overlapping electronic states in NiVP/Pi catalyst was observed. Further, full cell battery using S@NiVP/Pi-NCS anode and Na0.44MnO2 cathode demonstrates an excellent initial capacity of 705 mA h/g based on S loading and 91.7 mAh/g w.r.t. total electrode weight at 0.5 C with 91 % of capacity retention after 400 cycles and two full cells connected in series able to power LED demonstrate its practical application.