The Effect of Glyphosate And Ciprofloxacin Eexposure On The Gut Bacterial Microbiota Diversity of Rhinella Arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) Tadpoles

Abstract The high load of agrochemicals and antibiotics coexisting in aquatic environments within agroecosystems represents a risk for wildlife. As the gut microbiota plays a key role on its host’s functioning and is sensitive to a wide variety of pollutants, its study allows evaluating organisms’ health and therefore, the ecosystem. We studied toxic effects of commercial formulations of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) on gut bacterial microbiota diversity of the common toad (Rhinella arenarum) tadpoles, considered a sentinel species. The study was carried out by classic microbiological analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The microbiota from GBH treatment had greater taxa diversity and richness, including some genera, such as Proteus spp. and Yersinia spp. that were absent in control. In contrast, microbiota from CIP treatment registered a decrease of diversity indexes, dominance of Aeromonas spp. and presence of Leclercia spp. The GBH-CIP treatment showed changes in taxa composition, including decrease of Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. and trends of individual pollutant treatments. For all cases, changes in the composition of bacterial community (dysbiosis) were linked to a significant decrease in tadpoles’ weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the disruption of gut bacterial microbiota of tadpoles by a mixture of two contaminants of emerging concern worldwide. These findings contribute to understanding how the presence of two co-occurring pollutants in freshwaters results in deleterious effects on the amphibian community and potentially affect the microbiota of those environments.

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Identification and Characterization of the Genes Involved in Glycosylation Pathways of Mycobacterial Glycopeptidolipid Biosynthesis

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.188.1.86-95.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 188 (1) ◽

pp. 86-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Yuji Miyamoto ◽

Tetsu Mukai ◽

Noboru Nakata ◽

Yumi Maeda ◽

Masanori Kai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fatty Acyl ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ionization Time ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

The Common ◽

Glycosylation Pathway ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Identification And Characterization

ABSTRACT Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are major components present on the outer layers of the cell walls of several nontuberculous mycobacteria. GPLs are antigenic molecules and have variant oligosaccharides in mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium. In this study, we identified four genes (gtf1, gtf2, gtf3, and gtf4) in the genome of Mycobacterium smegmatis. These genes were independently inactivated by homologous recombination in M. smegmatis, and the structures of GPLs from each gene disruptant were analyzed. Thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the mutants Δgtf1 and Δgtf2 accumulated the fatty acyl-tetrapeptide core having O-methyl-rhamnose and 6-deoxy-talose as sugar residues, respectively. The mutant Δgtf4 possessed the same GPLs as the wild type, whereas the mutant Δgtf3 lacked two minor GPLs, consisting of 3-O-methyl-rhamnose attached to O-methyl-rhamnose of the fatty acyl-tetrapeptide core. These results indicate that the gtf1 and gtf2 genes are responsible for the early glycosylation steps of GPL biosynthesis and the gtf3 gene is involved in transferring a rhamnose residue not to 6-deoxy-talose but to an O-methyl-rhamnose residue. Moreover, a complementation experiment showed that M. avium gtfA and gtfB, which are deduced glycosyltransferase genes of GPL biosynthesis, restore complete GPL production in the mutants Δgtf1 and Δgtf2, respectively. Our findings propose that both M. smegmatis and M. avium have the common glycosylation pathway in the early steps of GPL biosynthesis but differ at the later stages.

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Harmful Effects of the Dermal Intake of Commercial Formulations Containing Chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, and Glyphosate on the Common Toad Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae)

Water Air & Soil Pollution ◽

10.1007/s11270-015-2695-9 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 226 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Rafael C. Lajmanovich ◽

Andrés M. Attademo ◽

María F. Simoniello ◽

Gisela L. Poletta ◽

Celina M. Junges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Toad ◽

The Common ◽

Rhinella Arenarum ◽

Harmful Effects

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Comparative Toxicity of Two Different Dimethoate Formulations in the Common Toad (Rhinella arenarum) Tadpoles

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00128-019-02741-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Candela S. Martinuzzi ◽

Andrés M. Attademo ◽

Paola M. Peltzer ◽

Tomás M. Mac Loughlin ◽

Damián J. G. Marino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Toad ◽

Comparative Toxicity ◽

The Common ◽

Rhinella Arenarum

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Blood biomarkers of common toad Rhinella arenarum following chlorpyrifos dermal exposure

Interdisciplinary Toxicology ◽

10.2478/intox-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 148-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafael C. Lajmanovich ◽

Paola M. Peltzer ◽

Andrés M. Attademo ◽

Carlina L. Colussi ◽

Candela S. Martinuzzi

Keyword(s):

Normal Values ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Dermal Exposure ◽

Blood Biomarkers ◽

Common Toad ◽

The Common ◽

Dermal Uptake ◽

Rhinella Arenarum ◽

Hematological Indicators ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad spectrum pesticide commonly used for insect control, has great affinity for lipids and is thus a potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of CPF using the common toad Rhinella arenarum via dermal uptake in plastic bucket to simulate their natural exposition in ponds. R. arenarum toads were exposed individually to solutions containing a nominal concentration of a commercial formulation of CPF insecticide (5 and 10 mg/L). Different enzyme biomarkers (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase, CbE: carboxylesterase, and CAT: catalase) were measured in blood tissue after exposition. The capacity of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) to reverse OP-inhibited plasma BChE and the ratio of heterophils and lymphocytes (H/L) as hematological indicators of stress were also determined. The normal values of plasma B-sterases (BChE and CbE) were highly inhibited (until ≈ 70%) in toads 48 h after exposure to CPF. The results indicate that 2-PAM produced BChE reactivation as well. The activity of CAT was also inducted for dermal exposure at more than double of that in the control toads (CPF; 5 mg/L). H/L ratios did not reveal a significantly increased stress. The study suggests that CPF via dermal uptake induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the common toad R. areanum. Thus, some blood biomarkers employed in our study (i.e. BChE, CbE, 2-PAM, and CAT) might be used as predictors in health and ecological risk assessment of amphibian populations exposed to CPF.

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Empyema necessitans with osteomyelitis of fifth rib due to Nocardia farcinica: a case report

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06452-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Swapnil Tripathi ◽

Durga Shankar Meena ◽

Amit Kumar Rohila ◽

Neetha T.R. ◽

Vidhi Jain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chest Wall ◽

Drug Regimen ◽

Surrounding Soft Tissue ◽

Nocardia Species ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Ionization Time ◽

Nocardia Farcinica ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

The Common

Abstract Background Empyema necessitans is a rare pulmonary condition described as the presence of pus in the pleural cavity with insidious extension into the surrounding soft tissue. The common microbial aetiology of empyema necessitans is tuberculosis. Nocardiosis a cause of empyema necessitans is rarely described in the literature. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old male with empyema necessitans with osteomyelitis of rib caused by Nocardia farcinica. Case presentation An 80-year-old male presented with complaints of soft swelling on the left lower posterior chest wall associated with dry cough and breathlessness on exertion. Computed Tomography (CT) thorax demonstrated empyema necessitans with features of left fifth rib osteomyelitis. Radiological guided aspiration of the chest wall collection revealed Nocardia species and surgical drainage of abscess was performed. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) identified the isolate as Nocardia farcinica. He was treated with three-drug regimen: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin and ceftriaxone for 2 weeks. After showing improvement patient was discharged and advised to take oral Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the next 6 months with periodic follow-up. Conclusions As our case demonstrates, the possibility of invasive Nocardiosis should not be overlooked even in immunocompetent patients. Clinicians should aware of this rare entity while treating patients with empyema necessitans.

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