Insecticide-impregnated netting as a potential surface treatment: an alternative to insecticide spraying for control of the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)?
Abstract Background: The sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, is the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil. A previous laboratory study showed that covering surfaces with insecticide-impregnated netting may provide an alternative method for killing sand flies. Synthetic male Lu. longipalpis sex/aggregation pheromone co-located with micro-encapsulated l-cyhalothrin demonstrated the potential of “lure-and-kill” to significantly reduce canine infection and sand fly densities. In this study we were interested to determine if insecticide impregnated netting could replace sprayed insecticide for Lu. longipalpis control.Methods: We placed synthetic pheromone in experimental and real chicken sheds treated with a 1m2 surface of either sprayed insecticide or insecticide-impregnated netting. Two experiments in experimental chicken sheds were carried out to determine the effect of the insecticide treatments on Lu. longipalpis over 1-week and 16-week periods. We counted the number of Lu. longipalpis collected overnight and dead at 24 hours. Two longitudinal intervention studies were carried in real chicken sheds and compared the numbers of Lu. longipalpis (collected and dead at 24h) before adding the intervention (either the netting or sprayed insecticide treatments) with the numbers collected 24h after the intervention. Results: In the first experiment all flies caught in the spray treated experimental chicken sheds were dead at 24 hours and in netting treated sheds 97% of females and 88% of males were dead at 24 hours (257 vs 225, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test P=0.043). The netting and spray treated traps were equally effective at killing both female and male Lu. longipalpis over the first 8-weeks however after 16-weeks both treatments killed a significantly lower proportion of females (64%vs 96%; P=0.000) and males 89%vs 100%; P=0.000) compared to the beginning. In the first of the longitudinal studies in real chicken sheds only the netting intervention significantly increased the proportion of females dead after 24h (60%vs81%; P=0.042). The subsequent study showed that both netting and spraying treatments had similarly significant impacts on the proportion of females dead after 24h (netting: 60%vs80%: P=0.0194 and spraying: 43%vs72%: P=0.0004).Conclusions: The netting and spray insecticide interventions (with synthetic sex/aggregation pheromone) have similar impacts on the Lu. longipalpis population.