scholarly journals Foci Classification in Malaria Elimination Setting: A Conceptual Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Ranjbar
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Type B ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Classification Procedure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Controlling Measures ◽  
Case Classification

Abstract The concept of malaria elimination is becoming more and more important. Among countries with malaria transmission in 2015, eliminating malaria from 35 countries including those in the Great Mekong has been targeted by 2030. In the journey to elimination through the foci classification procedure, a limited number of “hotspots” among a large number of foci should be precisely defined to be covered by effective controlling measures. There is a common consensus that foci and case classification are fundamental principles of malaria elimination and prevention of reintroduction. However, there are numerous ambiguities and controversies in almost all aspects of foci classifications. These uncertainties result in misclassification that, in turn, wastes lives, time, and money thereby violating value for money principles. New progress in the literature such as ignoring “new potential” foci and using the class of “active foci” instead of the two classes of “new active” and “residual active” is in opposition to the philosophy of foci classification. In this paper, we seek to elaborate the controversies and ambiguities around the concept of foci classification and ultimately suggest some solutions. Some of the ways forward include: (a) foci classification should be done by parasite type; (b) a set of foci classes includes “cleared up”, “new potential”, “new active”, “residual active”, and “residual nonactive”; (c) The number and population of various foci classes should be regularly updated and monitored as the basis for measuring progress toward elimination and it can be considered as the basis for needs assessment and planning response; (d) The coverage and completeness of the controlling interventions by foci classes should be regularly monitored; and (e) The criteria for early detection of outbreaks should be defined. Furthermore, two applicable models for foci classification by parasite have been proposed.

scholarly journals Virtual worlds as a site of convergence for children’s play

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Sun Lim ◽  
Lynn Schofield Clark
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Children's Play ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Children’S Play ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
A Site ◽  
Convergence Of Cultures

Virtual worlds have made notable inroads into the lives of children, affording online extensions of their offline lives In this article, we propose a conceptual framework for understanding the space that virtual worlds occupy in children’s play and the ways in which children’s participation in them overlap with their everyday play experiences, both offline and mediated. We argue that virtual worlds can be viewed as sites of convergence for children’s play in that virtual worlds allow for almost all aspects of children’s play to converge, primarily manifested in the convergence of social spheres, the convergence of play spaces and playthings, the convergence of cultures and the convergence of learning experiences. we explain how such convergence, while presenting valuable opportunities for children to learn and develop, will not be fully exploited without a corresponding ability on the part of parents and children to recognise potential risks; and for parents and educators to scaffold these learning opportunities.

An Empirical Study of the use of EDI in Supermarket Chains using a New Conceptual Framework

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colm Fearon ◽  
George Philip
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Electronic Data Interchange ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Data Interchange ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Almost All

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is now widely established as an interorganizational system in almost all large and medium size industrial, service and retail sectors and the purpose of this paper is to discuss the experiences of six supermarket chains concerning the use of this technology. Whilst the advantages of conducting electronic transactions are generally recognized, consensus on methodologies for quantifying the benefit success associated with interorganizational systems still remain elusive. It is argued that a comparison of pre-implementation expected benefits with post-implementation realized benefits can offer a reliable way of assessing the benefit success from EDI and other information systems. In this approach, the benefit success is expressed as a function of three benefit states namely, efficiency, neutrality and deficiency depending on whether the gap between realized and expected benefits is positive, neutral or negative respectively. In order to identify the benefit state of each participating organization, initially a series of semistructured interviews was conducted with senior managers followed by the administration of a self assessment rating instrument in the form of a questionnaire. This paper will discuss the findings along with the testing of a new conceptual framework for examining the relationship between benefit success, implementation approach and implementation success.

The absence of endemic malaria transmission in Taiwan from 2002 to 2010: The implications of sustained malaria elimination in Taiwan

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Min Wang ◽  
Susan C. Hu ◽  
Wen-Shin Hung ◽  
Hsiao-Ling Chang ◽  
Ho-Sheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Endemic Malaria

The role of palaeoclimate studies: modelling

1993 ◽  
Vol 341 (1297) ◽  
pp. 341-342 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All

Stepping back from the topic of the meeting, I should like to begin by addressing the role of palaeoclimate studies in the subject of climate and its prediction. I do not believe that it is only by looking at the past that one can see into the future. However, I do believe that studies of past climates have an important role to play. To perform climate modelling and to compare the data from models with observations, one must have a conceptual framework. Important elements in this framework are the roles of continents, mountains, solar input and atmospheric composition. It must include notions of rapid change. For example, the response to increasing atmospheric CO2 may be very slow until a certain critical point when it becomes very rapid: the ‘Joker in the pack’. The possibility of multiple equilibria, more than one possible climate for the same external conditions, must be recognized. The average situation is essentially irrelevant in a system that spends almost all of its time in either of two equilibra.

scholarly journals Impact of mosquito gene drive on malaria elimination in a computational model with explicit spatial and temporal dynamics

2016 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. E255-E264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Eckhoff ◽  
Edward A. Wenger ◽  
H. Charles J. Godfray ◽  
Austin Burt
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Sub Saharan

The renewed effort to eliminate malaria and permanently remove its tremendous burden highlights questions of what combination of tools would be sufficient in various settings and what new tools need to be developed. Gene drive mosquitoes constitute a promising set of tools, with multiple different possible approaches including population replacement with introduced genes limiting malaria transmission, driving-Y chromosomes to collapse a mosquito population, and gene drive disrupting a fertility gene and thereby achieving population suppression or collapse. Each of these approaches has had recent success and advances under laboratory conditions, raising the urgency for understanding how each could be deployed in the real world and the potential impacts of each. New analyses are needed as existing models of gene drive primarily focus on nonseasonal or nonspatial dynamics. We use a mechanistic, spatially explicit, stochastic, individual-based mathematical model to simulate each gene drive approach in a variety of sub-Saharan African settings. Each approach exhibits a broad region of gene construct parameter space with successful elimination of malaria transmission due to the targeted vector species. The introduction of realistic seasonality in vector population dynamics facilitates gene drive success compared with nonseasonal analyses. Spatial simulations illustrate constraints on release timing, frequency, and spatial density in the most challenging settings for construct success. Within its parameter space for success, each gene drive approach provides a tool for malaria elimination unlike anything presently available. Provided potential barriers to success are surmounted, each achieves high efficacy at reducing transmission potential and lower delivery requirements in logistically challenged settings.

scholarly journals Economic challenges: Conceptual framework on factors affecting construction cost during COVID-19 pandemic in malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 881 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
N.A. Abdullah ◽  
I.F. Mohd Kamar ◽  
N.A. Mustapa ◽  
A Che Ahmad ◽  
M.N. Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Various studies have found that COVID-19 pandemic impacts on a country’s economy through several channels, including the construction sector. The construction sector, which has always been a big growth generator for the economy, has also been completely shut down. Construction stakeholders are facing a several of the issues as the construction costs keep increasing as a result of the workplace safety and health compliance, suspension and termination of the project, and productivity loss. Accordingly, this paper attempted to propose a conceptual framework on the factors affecting construction cost during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Almost all evidence from the literature shows that project completion, supply chain and regulatory compliance are the main factors that need to take heed of by the construction players during COVID-19 pandemic. Significantly, all these three components have the potential as the contributors to the increment of construction costs during COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Studi Bioekologi Vektor Malaria di Daerah (Yang Mendapat Sertifikat) Eliminasi Malaria di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bengkalis dan Bulukumba

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyani Setiyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Anopheles Barbirostris ◽  
Anopheles Vagus

Abstract The target of malaria elimination in Indonesia is expected to be achieved in 2030. One of the activities to support malaria elimination is vector surveillance. Several districts in Indonesia have certificates of malaria, including Jembrana, Bali Province, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi Province, and Bengkalis, Riau Province. Analysis of the presence of malaria vectors and Plasmodium needs to be done for the potential occurances of malaria transmission in eliminated malaria areas. Bioecology study of malaria vectors were conducted to determine receptivity status and others risk factors and the potential for malaria transmission based on ecosystems in Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts. As part of national research of disease vector and reservoir (Rikhus Vektora), mosquitoes and larval field-collection methods, molecular plasmodium detection and blood meal analyses were carried out according Rikhus vektora guidelines. The result showed that Anopheles kochi and An. tesselatus were positive confirmed with Plasmodium falciparum by using PCR in Jembrana, Bali province, which were found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements and beaches near settlements. In addition, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles peditaeniatus were also positive confirmed with P. falciparum by using similar methods in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi province. An. barbirostris was found in forest ecosystems near settlement, Anopheles vagus was found in remote forest ecosystems of settlements and beaches near settlements, and Anopheles peditaenistus was found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements. While Anopheles sinensis was confirmed positive with P. falciparum in Bengkalis, Riau province. Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts are recognized as receptive areas and have potential for re-transmission of malaria. Vector surveillance and the implementation of approriate vector control and migration surveillance are needed to ascertain wheter the positive Anopheles with positives Plasmodium falciparum getting the parasites from imported cases or there has been a local transmission (indigenous) in these areas. This information is needed to prevent malaria re-transmission in the eliminated areas. Keywords : elimination, malaria, vector Abstrak Target eliminasi malaria di Indonesia harapannya dapat dicapai tahun 2030. Salah satu kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk menunjang elimnasi malaria adalah surveilans vektor. Beberapa Kabupaten di Indonesia telah memperoleh serfikat eliminasi malaria diantaranya Kabupaten Jembrana Propinsi Bali, Bulukumba Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, dan Bengkalis Propinsi Riau. Analisis keberadaan vektor dan patogen malaria perlu dilakukan untuk melihat potensi terjadinya penularan malaria kembali di daerah yang telah mendapatkan sertifikat eliminasi malaria. Studi bioekologi vektor malaria dilakukan untuk mengetahui status reseptivitas dan faktor risiko lainnya, serta potensi penularan malaria berbasis ekosistem di daerah tersebut. Sebagai bagian dari dari Riset khusus (rikhus) vektora, koleksi lapangan nyamuk dan jentik, prosedur deteksi melekuler plasmodium dan analisis pakan darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Rikhus vektora. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Anopheles kochi dan Anopheles tesselatus, yang masing-masing ditemukan di eksoistem non hutan dekat pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman ditemukan positif mengandung Plasmodium falciparum di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali. Sedangkan di Kabupaten Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, dan Anopheles peditaeniatus merupakan spesies Anopheles yang terkonfirmasi positif mengandung P. falciparum. An. barbirostris ditemukan di ekosistem hutan dekat pemukiman, Anopheles vagus ditemukan di ekosistem hutan jauh pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman, dan Anopheles peditaenistus ditemukan di ekosistem non hutan dekat pemukiman. Sedangkan Anopheles sinensis merupakan satu-satunya spesies Anopheles yang ditemukan positif mengandung P. falciparum di Kabupaten Bengkalis, Riau. Dari hasil studi menunjukkan, Kabupaten Jembrana, Bulukumba, dan Bengkalis merupakan daerah reseptif dan berpotensi terjadinya penularan kembali malaria. Surveilans vektor dan implementasi pengendalian vektor yang tepat serta surveilans migrasi secara ketat diperlukan untuk memastikan apakah Anopheles yang positif tersebut mendapatkan parasit P. falciparum dari kasus import ataukah memang sudah terjadi transmisi secara lokal (indigenous) di wilayah tersebut. Hal ini perlu dilakukan agar tidak terjadi penularan kembali malaria di daerah yang sudah tereliminasi tersebut. Kata kunci: eliminasi, malaria, vektor

scholarly journals A Case of Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency With Longer Survival and Normal Laboratory Findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Bayat ◽  
Shahin Koohmanaee ◽  
Nejat Mahdieh ◽  
Fatemeh Kharaee ◽  
Maryam Shahrokhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Type B ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Short Life Span ◽  
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cycle Regulation ◽  
Recessive Defect

Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive defect in a biotin-containing enzyme, Pyruvate carboxylase, which is considered as an enzyme of TCA-cycle regulation, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. Increased lactate to pyruvate ratio and decreased three hydroxybutyrates to acetoacetate are the main biochemical features of PCD. The elevated level of Citrulline, Proline, and Lysine with a short life span has been reported previously. Patients’ survival in almost all cases is below three months. Here, the authors aimed to report a girl with manifestations of Type B of PCD and longer survival (two-year and four-month-old). This patient did not have any changes in amino acid level, which was a unique case of Type B of PCD.

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