Deteksi Gen Kdr pada Nyamuk Anopheles di Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat

Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia, particularly in Eastern part of Indonesia. The use of LLIN insecticide bed nets is one of the efforts to reduce the malaria morbidity rate by protecting human from malaria vector bites. The Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles barbirostris, and Anopheles subpictus mosquitoes are three of the species reported as malaria vectors in West-Southeast Maluku Regency. The aim of this research was to detect the kdr gene in An. flavirostris, An. barbirostris, and An.subpictus mosquitoes collected from Alusi Kelaan village, West-Southeast Maluku Regency. The research was conducted at the Papua Biomedical Research and Development Center, in June 2016. A total of six An. flavirostris, 42 An. barbirostris, and 24 An. subpictus were pooled separately for genomic DNA extraction. The sample used was the An. flavirostris, An. barbirostris, and An. subpictus that survived after the impregnated paper test. The kdr gene detection was carried out using quantitative PCR (qPCR) focused on points V1010 and L1014. The results showed that there were no kdr mutant strains in the An. flavirostris, An. barbirostris, and An. subpictus. These results indicated that the sensitivity of pyrethroid insecticides contained in LLIN mosquito nets to An. flavirostris, An. barbirostris, and An. subpictus mosquitoes was not decreased in West Southeast Maluku Regency.

Trophic Behavior and Species Diversity of the Anopheles barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

Species of the Anopheles barbirostris complex (Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles) are potential vectors of malaria and filariasis parasites. Owing to the lack of reliable identification methods, the biting activity and host preference of the species within this complex have not been previous described. In this study, the trophic behavior and host preferences of the species in the complex were determined in Thailand, and a map of their geographical distributions constructed. Adult female mosquitoes in Chanthaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan provinces were collected using human landings (indoor and outdoor) and cow-bait. Morphological characters were used to initially identify the mosquitoes, and then, species were further separated by multiplex PCR. Four species were identified in the An. barbirostris complex: An. wejchoochotei Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. saeungae Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. dissidens Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), and An. campestris Reid (Diptera: Culicidae). The species showed exophagic and zoophilic behavior, except An. wejchoochotei in Chanthaburi, which displayed slight endophilic behavior. Indoor and outdoor blood feeding behavior of An. wejchoochotei and An. saeungae peaked at 2000 h. An updated distribution map of the An. barbirostris complex in Thailand is presented. With a better understanding of the sibling vector species and their spatial distributions, more specific and effective control strategies for vectors of malaria and filariasis in Thailand can be achieved.

Anopheles Mosquito Species in Betung Bedarah, Tebo Regency, Jambi Province

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country which is a good breeding ground for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are still one of arthropods that contribute to occurrence of infectious diseases, including malaria, which is a disease that is a health problem in Jambi Province.Objective: To determine types of Anopheles mosquito spesies in Betung Bedarah Tebo, Jambi.Methods: A discriptif study to identifed distribution of mosquitoes in Betung Bedarah, Tebo Regency used human landing collection and resting collection methods. Collection of mosquito samples used an aspirator and light trap. Analysis used tabulation.Results: Of the 64 mosquitoes collected, 25% were Anopheles mosquitoes which consisted of 43.7% Anopheles barbirostris, 25% Anopheles vagus, 18.7% Anopheles aconitus, and 12.6% Anopheles kochi.Conclusion: Most of mosquito species collected at Betung Berdarah Tebo were Anopheles barbirostris.

Informasi Terkini Anopheles barbirostris dan Potensi Penularan Malaria pada Beberapa Provinsi di Indonesia

Anopheles barbirostris (An. barbirostris) is a malaria vector in several provinces in Indonesia. Bionomics An. barbirostris vary from region to region. The difference between bionomic and mosquito behavior affects the potential of An. barbirostris as a vector of malaria. The latest information about An. barbirostris is needed to determine the potential for malaria transmission in several provinces in Indonesia. The aim of the research was to get the latest information on An. barbirostris and the potential for malaria transmission in several provinces in Indonesia. Mosquitoes catching was carried out in several provinces in Indonesia using the human landing collection method, catching around livestocks, animal bited traps, light traps and morning resting. Larvae surveys were conducted in a place that had the potential for breeding ground place for An. barbirostris. Analysis of the presence of Plasmodium in An. barbirostris was performed using PCR. The examination results showed that An. barbirostris positive Plasmodium in South Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan. An. barbirostris’s behavior tended to be found to suck blood outside the home and some had been known to suck blood from people indoors. Fluctuation and density of An.barbirostris in April and June varied in the Provinces of West Papua, Central Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Bali, Spesial Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), DKI Jakarta, Riau, Jambi, and Riau Islands. In general, An. barbirostris were known to suck the blood of people and animals with different percentages in each province. The breeding ground for An. barbirostris were found in rice fields, ponds, ditchesm and rivers. The potential for malaria transmission to be transmitted by An. barbirostris can occur in the provinces of South Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan. Abstrak Anopheles barbirostris (An. barbirostris) merupakan salah satu vektor malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Bionomik An. barbirostris berbeda-beda di setiap wilayah. Perbedaan bionomik dan perilaku nyamuk berpengaruh terhadap potensi An. barbirostris sebagai vektor malaria. Informasi terkini tentang An. barbirostris sangat diperlukan untuk mengetahui potensi penularan malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan informasi terkini An. barbirostris dan potensi penularan malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia menggunakan metode human landing collection, penangkapan di sekitar ternak, animal bited trap, light trap, dan resting morning. Survei jentik dilakukan di tempat yang berpotensi sebagai tempat perkembangbiakan An. barbirostris. Analisis keberadaan Plasmodium pada An. barbirostris dilakukan dengan menggunakan PCR. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa An. barbirostris positif Plasmodium di Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah. Perilaku An. barbirostris cenderung ditemukan menghisap darah di luar rumah dan sebagian diketahui menghisap darah orang di dalam rumah. Fluktuasi dan kepadatan An. barbirostris koleksi bulan April dan Juni berbeda-beda di Provinsi Papua Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Utara, Sulawesi Selatan, Bali, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), DKI Jakarta, Riau, Jambi, dan Kepulauan Riau. Secara umum An. barbirostris diketahui menghisap darah orang dan hewan dengan persentase yang berbeda-beda di setiap provinsi. Tempat perkembangbiakan An.barbirostris ditemukan di sawah, kolam, parit dan sungai. Potensi penularan malaria yang ditularkan An. barbirostris dapat terjadi di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah.

A Multiplex PCR Based on Mitochondrial COI Sequences for Identification of Members of the Anopheles barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand and Other Countries in the Region

A multiplex-PCR assay based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences was developed for identification of five members of the Barbirostris Complex which occur in Thailand: Anopheles barbirostris s.s., An. dissidens, An. saeungae, An. wejchoochotei and An. barbirostris species A3. Anopheles campestris was not included in the assay due to the lack of unequivocal sequences. Allele-specific primers were designed for specific nucleotide segments of COI sequences of each species. Mismatch method and addition of long GC tail were applied for some primers. The assay provided products of 706 bp for An. barbirostris s.s., 238 bp for An. dissidens, 611 bp for An. saeungae, 502 bp for An. wejchoochotei and 365 bp for An. barbirostris A3. The assay was tested using 111 wild-caught female mosquitoes from Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia (Sulawesi) and Thailand. The results of the multiplex PCR were in complete agreement with COI sequencing; however, one of three specimens from Bhutan and all 11 specimens from Indonesia were not amplifiable by the assay due to their distinct COI sequences. This, together with the distinct rDNA sequences of these specimens, suggests the presence of at least two additional new species in the Barbirostris Complex.

Keanekaragaman Spesies Nyamuk di Daerah Transmission Assesment Survey (TAS) Filariasis di Kabupaten Enrekang, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Enrekang Regency was declared to have passed third Transmission Assesment Survey (TAS), since there were no positive Brugia Malayi in elementary school students. The aspect of filariasis vector must be considered in this disease transmission. This study aims to determine the diversity of mosquitoes and their potential as vectors of filariasis in the TAS area in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research is part of a multicenter study in 2017. This study was conducted with a cross-sectional study. Mosquitoes were collected in Parombean Village and Potokulin Village by modifying the Human Landing Catches (HLC) method with the human-baited double net trap from 18:00 to 06:00. The results showed that 30 species found in Parombean Village, consisted eight genera and Culex vishnui was the most abundant species. In Potokulin Village, 11 species were found consisted in five genera and Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species. The average age of mosquitoes was around 8-24 days. The species of mosquito as vector potential of filariasis in this area is Cx. vishnui, Cx, quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles barbirostris.

New vectors in northern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, for the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi

Background: The vectors for Plasmodium knowlesi, a significant cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia, identified previously in nature all belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group. Only one study has been previously undertaken in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, to identify vectors of P. knowlesi , where Anopheles latens was incriminated as the vector in Kapit, central Sarawak. A study was therefore undertaken to identify malaria vectors in a different location in Sarawak. Methods: Mosquitoes found landing on humans and resting on leaves over a 5-day period at two sites in the Lawas District of northern Sarawak were collected and identified. DNA samples extracted from salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes were subjected to nested PCR malaria-detection assays. The small sub-unit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) genes of Plasmodium , and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITSII) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of the mosquitoes were derived from the Plasmodium -positive samples for phylogenetic analyses. Results: A total of 65 anophelines and 127 culicines were collected. By PCR, six An. balabacensis and five An. barbirostris Clade VI were found to have single P. knowlesi infecions while three other An. balabacensis had either single, double or triple infections with P. inui, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi . Phylogenetic analyses of the Plasmodium SSUrRNA genes confirmed 3 An. barbirostris Clade VI and 3 An. balabacensis with single P. knowlesi infections, while 3 other An. balabacensis had two or more Plasmodium species of P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and possibly novel species of Plasmodium . Phylogenies inferred from the ITSII and COI sequences of An. balabacensis and An. barbirostris Clade VI indicate that the former is genetically indistinguishable from An. balabacensis in Borneo while the latter is a novel sibling species belonging to the Anopheles Barbirostris Subgroup. Conclusions: New vectors for P. knowlesi in Sarawak were identified, including An. barbirostris Clade VI , which is a species that does not belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group.

Identifikasi Anopheles Spp. sebagai Tersangka Vektor Malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo Tahun 2015

Purworejo District is a malaria endemic area in Central Java Province with Annual Parasite Incidence (API) value of 1.96 per 1,000 population. This figure is still above the Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan target for 2015 - 2019. Indigenous cases are still being reported in Purworejo District until 2017. Prevention of malaria transmission is carried out by controlling Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector. This study aims to identify the behavior and habitat where Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector suspect in Purworejo District. The method of catching mosquitoes is in the form of Human landing collection, animal bait, light traps which are carried out starting at 18.00 to 06.00 in the morning, resting in the morning both inside and outside the house. Data variables taken in the form of biting activity, the number of mosquitoes caught, and environmental conditions at the study site. The results of the study were: the species of Anopheles leucosphyrus , Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, and Anopheles balabacensis. The peak activity of biting Anopheles spp. occur at 01.00 - 02.00 and 04.00 - 05.00 in the morning. Anopheles spp. most found in lagoon. Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are done using long-sleeved clothing or using repellents or household pesticides, avoiding doing activities outside the home at night and placing larva predators on lagoon. Abstrak Kabupaten Purworejo merupakan kabupaten endemis malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan nilai Annual Parasite Incidence (API) mencapai 1,96 per 1.000 penduduk. Angka tersebut masih berada di atas target Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2015–2019. Kasus indigenous juga masih dilaporkan di Kabupaten Purworejo sampai dengan tahun 2017. Pencegahan penularan malaria dilakukan dengan pengendalian nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai vektor malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku dan habitat tempat ditemukannya nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai tersangka vektor malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo. Metode penangkapan nyamuk berupa human landing collection, umpan hewan, dan light trap yang dilakukan mulai pukul 18.00 – 06.00 pagi, resting pagi hari baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah. Variabel data yang diambil berupa aktivitas menggigit, jumlah nyamuk yang tertangkap, dan kondisi lingkungan di lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian berupa : spesies Anopheles yang tertangkap adalah Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, dan Anopheles balabacensis. Puncak aktivitas menggigit Anopheles spp. terjadi pada pukul 01.00 – 02.00 dan 04.00 – 05.00 dini hari. Nyamuk Anopheles spp. paling banyak ditemukan pada lagun/goba. Upaya pencegahan gigitan nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakaian lengan panjang atau menggunakan repellent atau pestisida rumah tangga, menghindari melakukan aktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari, dan menempatkan predator larva pada lagun/goba.

Studi Bioekologi Vektor Malaria di Daerah (Yang Mendapat Sertifikat) Eliminasi Malaria di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bengkalis dan Bulukumba

The target of malaria elimination in Indonesia is expected to be achieved in 2030. One of the activities to support malaria elimination is vector surveillance. Several districts in Indonesia have certificates of malaria, including Jembrana, Bali Province, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi Province, and Bengkalis, Riau Province. Analysis of the presence of malaria vectors and Plasmodium needs to be done for the potential occurances of malaria transmission in eliminated malaria areas. Bioecology study of malaria vectors were conducted to determine receptivity status and others risk factors and the potential for malaria transmission based on ecosystems in Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts. As part of national research of disease vector and reservoir (Rikhus Vektora), mosquitoes and larval field-collection methods, molecular plasmodium detection and blood meal analyses were carried out according Rikhus vektora guidelines. The result showed that Anopheles kochi and An. tesselatus were positive confirmed with Plasmodium falciparum by using PCR in Jembrana, Bali province, which were found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements and beaches near settlements. In addition, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles peditaeniatus were also positive confirmed with P. falciparum by using similar methods in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi province. An. barbirostris was found in forest ecosystems near settlement, Anopheles vagus was found in remote forest ecosystems of settlements and beaches near settlements, and Anopheles peditaenistus was found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements. While Anopheles sinensis was confirmed positive with P. falciparum in Bengkalis, Riau province. Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts are recognized as receptive areas and have potential for re-transmission of malaria. Vector surveillance and the implementation of approriate vector control and migration surveillance are needed to ascertain wheter the positive Anopheles with positives Plasmodium falciparum getting the parasites from imported cases or there has been a local transmission (indigenous) in these areas. This information is needed to prevent malaria re-transmission in the eliminated areas. Keywords : elimination, malaria, vector Abstrak Target eliminasi malaria di Indonesia harapannya dapat dicapai tahun 2030. Salah satu kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk menunjang elimnasi malaria adalah surveilans vektor. Beberapa Kabupaten di Indonesia telah memperoleh serfikat eliminasi malaria diantaranya Kabupaten Jembrana Propinsi Bali, Bulukumba Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, dan Bengkalis Propinsi Riau. Analisis keberadaan vektor dan patogen malaria perlu dilakukan untuk melihat potensi terjadinya penularan malaria kembali di daerah yang telah mendapatkan sertifikat eliminasi malaria. Studi bioekologi vektor malaria dilakukan untuk mengetahui status reseptivitas dan faktor risiko lainnya, serta potensi penularan malaria berbasis ekosistem di daerah tersebut. Sebagai bagian dari dari Riset khusus (rikhus) vektora, koleksi lapangan nyamuk dan jentik, prosedur deteksi melekuler plasmodium dan analisis pakan darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Rikhus vektora. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Anopheles kochi dan Anopheles tesselatus, yang masing-masing ditemukan di eksoistem non hutan dekat pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman ditemukan positif mengandung Plasmodium falciparum di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali. Sedangkan di Kabupaten Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, dan Anopheles peditaeniatus merupakan spesies Anopheles yang terkonfirmasi positif mengandung P. falciparum. An. barbirostris ditemukan di ekosistem hutan dekat pemukiman, Anopheles vagus ditemukan di ekosistem hutan jauh pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman, dan Anopheles peditaenistus ditemukan di ekosistem non hutan dekat pemukiman. Sedangkan Anopheles sinensis merupakan satu-satunya spesies Anopheles yang ditemukan positif mengandung P. falciparum di Kabupaten Bengkalis, Riau. Dari hasil studi menunjukkan, Kabupaten Jembrana, Bulukumba, dan Bengkalis merupakan daerah reseptif dan berpotensi terjadinya penularan kembali malaria. Surveilans vektor dan implementasi pengendalian vektor yang tepat serta surveilans migrasi secara ketat diperlukan untuk memastikan apakah Anopheles yang positif tersebut mendapatkan parasit P. falciparum dari kasus import ataukah memang sudah terjadi transmisi secara lokal (indigenous) di wilayah tersebut. Hal ini perlu dilakukan agar tidak terjadi penularan kembali malaria di daerah yang sudah tereliminasi tersebut. Kata kunci: eliminasi, malaria, vektor

Identifikasi Nyamuk di Teluk Kecimbung, Kabupaten Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi

Latar Belakang: Angka kejadian malaria meningkat dari tahun ke tahun di Desa Teluk kecimbung. Peningkatan kejadian malaria dapat disebabkan peningkatan jumlah populasi nyamuk di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi nyamuk yang terdapat di Desa Teluk Kecimbung, Kabupaten Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari survey lapangan tentang kepadatan nyamuk di daerah Desa Teluk Kecimbung. Penangkapan nyamuk melalui umpan relawan menggunakan aspirator dan cahaya lampu (light trap).Hasil: Dari 489 nyamuk yang tertangkap saat pengambilan sampel. Nyamuk Armigeres merupakan komonitas nyamuk terbanyak yang tertangkap sebanyak 194 nyamuk (39.51%), sedangkan jenis spesies nyamuk Anopheles yang tertangkap adalah Anopheles barbirostris sebanyak 28 nyamuk (5.70%). Kepadatan hinggap nyamuk per jam (AHJ) tertinggi di dapatkan pada jam 20.00-21.00 WIB.Kesimpulan: Nyamuk Anopheles barbirostris merupakan nyamuk anopheles yang terbanyak ditemukan di Desa Teluk Kecimbung, Kabupaten Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi