scholarly journals Long non-coding RNAs responsive to blast fungus infection in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanlan Wang ◽  
Jing-Jing Jin ◽  
Li-Hua Li ◽  
Shao-Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated lncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae ) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae-induced lncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied. Findings: We investigated rice lncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 lncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some lncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some lncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that lncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus. Conclusions This study identified blast fungus-responsive lncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

scholarly journals Long Non-coding RNAs Responsive to Blast Fungus Infection in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Lan Wang ◽  
Jing-Jing Jin ◽  
Li-Hua Li ◽  
Shao-Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated LncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae-induced LncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied. Findings We investigated rice LncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 LncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some LncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) LncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some LncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that LncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus. Conclusions This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNAs responsive to blast fungus infection in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Lan Wang ◽  
Jing-Jing Jin ◽  
Li-Hua Li ◽  
Shao-Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated LncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae ( M. oryzae ) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae -induced LncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied. Findings We investigated rice LncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 LncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some lncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) LncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some LncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that LncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus. Conclusions This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

scholarly journals Identification of miRNAs Contributing to the Broad-Spectrum and Durable Blast Resistance in the Yunnan Local Rice Germplasm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlu Li ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Qianchun Zeng ◽  
Guangyu Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Rice Blast Fungus ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Blast Fungus

MicroRNAs are 20–24 nucleotide non-coding RNAs and play important roles in plant-environment interactions. In recent years, many microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to regulate rice immunity against rice blast fungus. However, there are limited studies about miRNAs that directly target resistance (R) genes to regulate rice immunity. In this study, by deep sequencing, small RNA libraries were constructed from four-leaf stage seedlings of the resistant variety Ziyu44 and susceptible variety Jiangnanxiangnuo (JNXN) upon Magnaporthe oryzae infection, we found that much more miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in Ziyu44 than in JNXN. Among these miRNAs, we focused on miR9664, a newly identified rice miRNA in our sequencing, which was upregulated lightly in Ziyu44 and drastically in JNXN at 24–48 h post-inoculation (hpi). The transgenic plants overexpressing miR9664 (miR9664-oe) displayed reduced defense responses to M. oryzae, while those knocking down miR9664 (miR9664-m) displayed enhanced defense responses to M. oryzae. Most of the detected miR9664 predicted target genes were reduced in the miR9664-oe lines while increased in the miR9664-m lines. The cleavage site of LOC_Os08g07774 was confirmed by RLM-RACE. Meanwhile, after being inoculated with M. oryzae, the genes were expressed differently between Ziyu44 and JNXN. The results suggest that miR9664-mediated R gene turnover contributes to Ziyu44 broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast fungus. Taken together, our research identified a new rice miRNA that directly targets R genes to regulate rice immunity against rice blast fungus, adding significant information to the study of rice–M. oryzae interaction.

scholarly journals Level of Endogenous Jasmonate is Critical for Durable Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance Against Rice Blast in a Japonica Rice Variety, Ziyu44

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyu An ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jinlu Li ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Qianchun Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance

Abstract Background: The molecular mechanism of durable and broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast disease in japonica rice variety is still very little known. Ziyu44, a local japonica rice variety in Yunnan Province of China, has shown durable broad-spectrum blast resistance for more than 30 years, and provides an opportunity for us to explore the molecular basis of broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast in japonica rice variety.Methods and Results: We conducted a comparative study of mycelium growth, aposporium formation, the accumulation of salicylate(SA), jasmonate(JA) and H2O2, the expression of SA- and JA-associated genes between Ziyu44 and susceptible variety Jiangnanxiangnuo (JNXN) upon M. oryzae infection. We found that appressorium formation and invasive hyphae extention were greatly inhibited in Ziyu 44 leaves compared with that in JNXN leaves. Both Ziyu 44 and JNXN plants maintained high levels of baseline SA and did not show increased accumulation of SA after inoculation with M. oryzae, while the levels of baseline JA in Ziyu 44 and JNXN plants were relatively low, and the accumulation of JA exhibited markedly increased in Ziyu 44 plants upon M. oryzae infection. The expression levels of key genes involving JA and SA signaling pathway OsCOI1b, OsNPR1, OsMPK6 as well as pathogenesis-related (PR) genes OsPR1a, OsPR1b and OsPBZ1, were markedly up-regulated in Ziyu44. Conclusions: The level of endogenous JA is critical for synchronous activation of SA and JA signaling pathway, up-regulating PR gene expression and enhancing disease resistance against rice blast in Ziyu44.

scholarly journals Osa-miR162a balances rice yield and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Pu Li ◽  
Xiao-Chun Ma ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Xin-Xian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Mirna Biogenesis ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Rice Blast Resistance ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Transgenic Lines

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in rice immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Osa-miR162a targets Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) genes, which play vital roles in miRNA biogenesis and act as negative regulators in rice immunity. Here we demonstrate that Osa-miR162a improves rice immunity against M. oryzae and balances the trade-off between rice yield and resistance. Overexpression of Osa-miR162a compromises rice susceptibility to M. oryzae accompanying enhanced induction of defense-related genes and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, blocking miR162 by overexpressing a target mimic of miR162 enhances susceptibility to blast fungus associating with compromised induction of defense-related gene expression and H2O2 accumulation. Moreover, the transgenic lines overexpressing Osa-miR162a display decreased seed setting rate resulting in reduced yield per plant, whereas blocking miR162 leads to an increased number of grains per panicle, resulting in increased yield per plant. Altered accumulation of miR162 had limited impact on the expression of OsDCL1. Together, our results indicate that Osa-miR162a improves rice blast resistance and plays a role in the balance of trade-off between resistance and yield.

Investigating the biology of rice blast disease and prospects for durable resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 643-680
Author(s):  
Vincent M. Were ◽  
◽  
Nicholas J. Talbot ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Major Resistance Genes ◽  
Effector Secretion

There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secretion, the nature of the plant-pathogen interface, PAMP-triggered immunity modulation by secreted effectors and effector-triggered immunity and blast resistance. The devastating losses caused by the blast fungus have been documented in most grasses, but this chapter discusses the use of major resistance genes to rice blast and wheat blast disease as an emerging threat to global food security. This chapter also highlights an emerging approach to breed for durable resistance to plant pathogens using gene editing technologies with an example: CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of dominant S-genes for disease control.

scholarly journals The mitotic spindle mediates nuclear migration through an extremely narrow infection structure of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariel A. Pfeifer ◽  
Chang Hyun Khang
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Nuclear Migration ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Migration Event

The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes severe destruction to rice and other crops worldwide. As the fungus infects rice, it develops unique cellular structures, such as an appressorium and a narrow penetration peg, to permit successful invasion of host rice cells. Fundamental knowledge about these cellular structures and how organelles, such as the nucleus, are positioned within them is still emerging. Previous studies show that a single nucleus becomes highly stretched during movement through the narrow penetration peg in an extreme nuclear migration event. Yet, the mechanism permitting this nuclear migration event remains elusive. Here, we investigate the role of the mitotic spindle in mediating nuclear migration through the penetration peg. We find that disruption of spindle function during nuclear migration through the penetration peg prevents development of invasive hyphae and virulence on rice. Furthermore, regulated expression of conserved kinesin motor proteins, MoKin5 and MoKin14, is essential to form and maintain the spindle, as well as, properly nucleate the primary hypha. Overexpression of MoKin5 leads to formation of aberrant microtubule protrusions, which contributes to formation of nuclear fragments within the appressorium and primary hypha. Conversely, overexpression of MoKin14 causes the spindle to collapse leading to the formation of monopolar spindles. These results establish a mechanistic model towards understanding the intricate subcellular dynamics of extreme nuclear migration through the penetration peg, a critical step in the development of rice blast disease.

scholarly journals Recently expanded clonal lineages of the rice blast fungus display distinct patterns of presence/absence of effector genes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio M. Latorre ◽  
C. Sarai Reyes-Avila ◽  
Angus Malmgren ◽  
Joe Win ◽  
Sophien Kamoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rice Blast Fungus ◽  
Population History ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
History Of

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the mechanisms and timescales of plant pathogen outbreaks requires a detailed genome-scale analysis of their population history. The fungus Magnaporthe (Syn. Pyricularia) oryzae —the causal agent of blast disease of cereals— is among the most destructive plant pathogens to world agriculture and a major threat to the production of rice, wheat and other cereals. Although M. oryzae is a multihost pathogen that infects more than 50 species of cereals and grasses, all rice-infecting isolates belong to a single genetically defined lineage. Here, we combined multiple genomics datasets to reconstruct the genetic history of the rice-infecting lineage of M. oryzae based on 131 isolates from 21 countries.ResultsThe global population of the rice blast fungus consists of a diverse set of individuals and three well-defined genetic groups. Multiple population genetic tests revealed that the rice-infecting lineage of the blast fungus probably originated from a recombining diverse group in South East Asia followed by three independent clonal expansions that took place over the last ∼200 years. Patterns of allele sharing identified a subpopulation from the recombining diverse group that introgressed with one of the clonal lineages before its global expansion. Remarkably, the four genetic lineages of the rice blast fungus vary in the number and patterns of presence/absence of candidate effector genes. In particular, clonal lineages carry a reduced repertoire of effector genes compared with the diverse group, and specific combinations of effector presence/absence define each of the pandemic clonal lineages.ConclusionsOur analyses reconstruct the genetic history of the rice-infecting lineage of M. oryzae revealing three clonal lineages associated with rice blast pandemics. Each of these lineages displays a specific pattern of presence/absence of effector genes that may have shaped their adaptation to the rice host and their evolutionary history.

scholarly journals Ketahanan Galur-Galur Padi Pup1 terhadap Penyakit Blas

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasliah Tasliah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono ◽  
Tintin Suhartini ◽  
Ida Hanarida Soemantri
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Gene Locus ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Green House

<p>Blast is one of major disease on the upland rice in Indonesia. Upland rice lines derived from Kasalath and NILC443 crosses, containing Pup1 gen locus had been developed and evaluated for P fertilizer efficiency. Those lines would be evaluated for blast resistance, due to the fact that Pup1 locus contains genes involved in plant defend mechanism to disease, including blast disease. The BC2F5 plants derived from six crosses (DK, DN, SK, SN, BK, BN) were used in this research. Responses to blast disease in the green house were evaluated at ICABIOGRAD Bogor from March to April 2011, using combination of three blast races (race 173, 033, and 133). The response to blast disease in the field was evaluated at Taman Bogo Research Station, Lampung, and at farmer’s field in Cikeusal Village, Banten, from January to April 2011. Molecular analysis to trace Pup1 gene locus was conducted at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, using specific primer K20-2, from January to August 2013. Based on the molecular analysis all Pup1 lines showed homozygoes alleles, except the heterozygoes alleles on SK7, SK8, SK15, SK16, BN8 line, which were then not included in the next planting. The responses to blast at greenhouse among lines varied, but the Pup1 lines were mostly at level of moderate resistan (AT). Based on the result from the field experiment, most of Pup1 lines were resistance, however the susceptible check plant (Kencana Bali) did not show blast fungus infection. Differences of the result might be due to the blast testing at the green house which was more favorable for blast fungal growth. The effect of Pup1 gene locus showed clearly on resistance of plants obtained from Situ Bagendit cross, where Situ Bagendit was susceptible and does not contain the Pup1 locus. Additional of Pup1 locus in Situ Bagendit genome had increased the degree of resistant to blast.</p>

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