scholarly journals Differential Response of Migratory Guilds of Birds to Urbanization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Murphy ◽  
David C. Bailey ◽  
Nathanael I. Lichti ◽  
Laura A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Partial Migrant ◽  
Native Tree Species ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Local Habitat

Abstract Species richness and density of native fauna in urban parks and greenspaces (“parks”) is often lower than in surrounding areas. Understanding the causes of these differences requires a hierarchical approach that integrates factors across multiple scales. In 2003 we surveyed bird communities in 48 forested parks in Portland, Oregon, USA, to identify the relative contributions of park size, shape, and connectivity, landscape composition, and variation in local habitat to differences in richness and density of long-distance migrant, short-distance/partial migrant, and resident birds. All surveyed parks contained highly structured understories comprised primarily of native vegetation and lacked development beyond trails. The bird guilds responded differently to environmental factors. Richness and density of long-distance migrants increased with park area and the abundance of small, mostly native, tree species. Resident species richness also increased with the abundance of small trees. Richness of residents and short-distance migrants was independent of park area, and resident density declined with increasing park area. Park shape, connectivity, and landscape composition did not contribute to differences in richness or density of different migratory guilds. Most long-distance migrants were forest-dependent species. An analysis of all forest-dependent species of all migratory guilds suggested that few exist in parks below 10 ha, and minimum area requirements for maintaining populations of forest-dependent species are estimated to be 30 to 40 ha. Without such parks most long-distance migrants would likely disappear from Portland’s landscape.

scholarly journals The non-breeding distribution of Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti in Spain

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO SUÁREZ ◽  
JESÚS T. GARCÍA ◽  
FRANCISCO J. SAMPIETRO ◽  
VICENTE GARZA
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Breeding Distribution ◽  
Partial Migrant ◽  
Dupont’S Lark ◽  
Specific Conservation

In this paper, we analyse the non-breeding distribution of Dupont's Lark, one of Europe's most threatened and least known passerines, using breeding and wintering censuses, published and unpublished records of individuals outside their breeding areas, and data on radio-tagged individuals and field observations. Results suggest that most breeding Dupont's Larks remain around the breeding sites during the non-breeding season, including those populations from areas with harsh winter weather conditions. The probability of winter presence of Dupont's Larks in breeding areas was significantly correlated with population size, but the altitude of the locality studied did not influence winter presence. Records outside breeding areas indicate that part of the population moves some distance after breeding, occupying lower sites and principally those with agrarian substrates. We also found several records far from well-known breeding areas during the breeding period. Our results suggest that Dupont's Lark seems to be a partial migrant, wintering in breeding areas in large numbers (probably the adult fraction of the population) but with some part of the populations moving to other areas. The movements are short-distance in most cases, although medium- and long-distance dispersive movements were also detected. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of specific conservation measures for the species.

scholarly journals K → μ+μ− as a clean probe of short-distance physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avital Dery ◽  
Mitrajyoti Ghosh ◽  
Yuval Grossman ◽  
Stefan Schacht
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Element ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Final States ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Fundamental Theory ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ckm Matrix ◽  
The Standard Model

Abstract The K → μ+μ− decay is often considered to be uninformative of fundamental theory parameters since the decay is polluted by long-distance hadronic effects. We demonstrate that, using very mild assumptions and utilizing time-dependent interference effects, ℬ(KS → μ+μ−)ℓ=0 can be experimentally determined without the need to separate the ℓ = 0 and ℓ = 1 final states. This quantity is very clean theoretically and can be used to test the Standard Model. In particular, it can be used to extract the CKM matrix element combination $$ \mid {V}_{ts}{V}_{td}\sin \left(\beta +{\beta}_s\right)\mid \approx \mid {A}^2{\lambda}^5\overline{\eta}\mid $$ ∣ V ts V td sin β + β s ∣ ≈ ∣ A 2 λ 5 η ¯ ∣ with hadronic uncertainties below 1%.

scholarly journals Seasonal Patterns of Fat Deposits in Relation to Migratory Strategy in Facultative Migrants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Cornelius ◽  
Thomas P. Hahn ◽  
Ashley R. Robart ◽  
Ben J. Vernasco ◽  
Dorothy L. Zahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wing Loading ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
House Finches ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Migratory Season ◽  
Partial Migrant ◽  
Migration Strategies ◽  
Migratory Strategy ◽  
Red Crossbills

Physiological preparations for migration generally reflect migratory strategy. Migrant birds fuel long-distance flight primarily with lipids, but carrying excess fuel is costly; thus, the amount of fat deposited prior to departure often reflects the anticipated flight duration or distance between refueling bouts. Seasonal pre-migratory deposition of fat is well documented in regular seasonal migrants, but is less described for more facultative species. We analyze fat deposits of free-living birds across several taxa of facultative migrants in the songbird subfamily Carduelinae, including house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), American goldfinches (Spinus tristis), pine siskins (Spinus pinus) and four different North American ecotypes of red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra), to evaluate seasonal fat deposition during facultative migratory periods. Our data suggest that the extent of seasonal fat deposits corresponds with migratory tendency in these facultative taxa. Specifically, nomadic red crossbills with a seasonally predictable annual movement demonstrated relatively large seasonal fat deposits coincident with the migratory periods. In contrast, pine siskins, thought to be more variable in timing and initiation of nomadic movements, had smaller peaks in fat deposits during the migratory season, and the partial migrant American goldfinch and the resident house finch showed no peaks coincident with migratory periods. Within the red crossbills, those ecotypes that are closely associated with pine habitats showed larger peaks in fat deposits coincident with autumn migratory periods and had higher wing loading, whereas those ecotypes associated with spruces, Douglas-fir and hemlocks showed larger peaks coincident with spring migratory periods and lower wing loading. We conclude that population averages of fat deposits do reflect facultative migration strategies in these species, as well as the winter thermogenic challenges at the study locations. A difference in seasonal fattening and wing loading among red crossbill ecotypes is consistent with the possibility that they differ in their migratory biology, and we discuss these differences in light of crossbill reproductive schedules and phenologies of different conifer species.

scholarly journals The impact of some morphological and motor characteristics in short distance running

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Q. Ramabaja ◽  
N. Rashiti ◽  
M. Shkodra ◽  
L. Ramadani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills in short-distance athletes should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the impact of some anthropometric characteristics in the execution of running speeds on short distances, specifically in running at 100, 200 and 400 meters to students aged 18 ± 6 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The sample of this research has included a total of 60 students aged 18 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, while the 100, 200, and 400 meter runs in the stadium "Fadil Vokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 3 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running at 100, 200 and 400 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased.  These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The world records below the 10-second limit, in the 100 m, near the 9-meter limit, show not only the high level of sports, but also the strong impact on the growth, especially of strength indicators, speed-strength, explosive force, as main and applied motor skills in sports and athlete’s everyday life.

scholarly journals Quantifying ecosystem service flows at multiple scales across the range of a long-distance migratory species

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius J. Semmens ◽  
Jay E. Diffendorfer ◽  
Kenneth J. Bagstad ◽  
Ruscena Wiederholt ◽  
Karen Oberhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Terra sigillata in southern Latium. The evidence from the Pontine Region Project, 1987-2014

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-272
Author(s):  
G.W. Tol ◽  
T.C.A. De Haas ◽  
P.A.J. Attema
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Geomorphological Units ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Different Parts

This contribution is the first of a series of publications by the authors to systematically disclose the wealth of material evidence collected during some 30 years of fieldwork in the Pontine region by the Pontine Region Project. This project has, since its inception in the mid-1980s, investigated more than 36 km2 of terrain across all major geomorphological units of the region, largely by means of systematic surface investigations. During these investigations, close to 200 000 artefacts were collected for further study, including c. 1 660 fragments of (Italian) terra sigillata, the emblematic, shiny red fine table ware of the Early Imperial period. In this article, we present a detailed spatial and contextual analysis of the terra sigillata fragments that have been gathered within the Pontine Region Project and discuss the results in light of economic issues (market integration, economic growth). We then supplement this evidence by published evidence of name stamps from surrounding areas to further expose to what extent, and in what ways, the different parts of southern Latium were embedded in the long-distance economic networks of the period.

scholarly journals Job Accessibility from a Multiple Commuting Circles Perspective Using Baidu Location Data: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai ◽  
Liu ◽  
Luo ◽  
Xing ◽  
Liu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Job Accessibility ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
Wuhan Metropolitan Area

Jobs–housing imbalance is a hot topic in urban study and has obtained many results. However, little research has overcome the limits of administrative boundaries in job accessibility measurement and considered differences in job accessibility within multiple commuting circles. Using Baidu location data, this research proposes a new method to measure job accessibility within multiple commuting circles at the grids’ level. Taking the Wuhan metropolitan area as a case study, the results are as follows: (1) Housing and service jobs are concentrated in the central urban areas along the Yangtze River, whereas industrial jobs are scattered throughout suburbs with double centers. The potential competition for job opportunities is fiercer in the city center than in the suburbs. (2) Job accessibility with different levels shows significant circle-like distribution. People with long- or short-distance potential commutes demand to live close to the groups with the same demand. Residents with long-distance commutes demand to live outside of where those with short-distance commutes demand to reside, regardless of whether their commuting demand is for service or industrial jobs. (3) There are three optimization patterns for transit services to increase job accessibility in various areas. These patterns involve areas with inadequate job opportunities, poor transit services to service jobs, and poor transit services to industrial jobs. Developing current transit facilities or new transit alternatives as well as adding extra jobs near housing could improve jobs–housing imbalance in these areas. Findings from this study could guide the allocation of jobs and housing as well as the development of transport to reduce residents’ commuting burdens and promote transportation equity. The method used in this study can be applied to evaluate jobs–housing imbalance from the perspective of the supply in other metropolises.

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