Geriatric aspects of modern plastic surgery

Старение организма человека - закономерный физиологический процесс. В прошлом веке основными причинами обращения людей к пластическим хирургам служили врожденные и приобретенные деформации, а также возрастные изменения кожи лица. В наши дни внешний вид человека стал основным фактором его успешности в обществе. В работе определена мотивация людей пожилого и старческого возраста к выполнению пластических операций, а также проанализирована работа клиник по выполнению пластических операций людям старших возрастных групп. Установлено, что 96,4 % мужчин и 86,9 % женщин старших возрастных групп имеют достаточно полные представления о пластической хирургии. 27,7 % мужчин и 17,2 % женщин пожилого и старческого возраста хотели бы сделать себе пластическую операцию, однако женщины в 10,9 раза чаще обращаются к пластическим хирургам. Анализ работы клиник пластической хирургии показал устойчивую тенденцию увеличения обращаемости людей пожилого и старческого возраста, независимо от пола, к пластическим хирургам для выполнения операций, направленных, главным образом, на улучшение эстетики лица, шеи и коррекцию фигуры путем устранения гравитационного птоза и удаления избыточных подкожных жировых отложений на туловище. Основной причиной отказа от выполнения желаемой пациентом и рекомендуемой пластическим хирургом операции является недостаток денежных средств. Aging of the human body is a natural physiological process. In the last century, the main reasons for people turning to plastic surgeons were congenital and acquired deformities, as well as age-related changes in the skin of the face. Nowadays, a person’s appearance has become the main factor in his success in society. The work determines the motivation of elderly and senile people to perform plastic surgeries, and also analyzes the work of clinics in performing plastic surgeries for people of older age groups. It was found that 96,4 % of men and 86,9 % of women in older age groups have a fairly complete understanding of plastic surgery. Among the elderly and old people, 27,7 % of men and 17,2 % of women have a desire to perform plastic surgery for themselves, however, women are 10,9 times more likely to go to plastic surgeons. Analysis of the plastic surgery clinics showed a steady trend of increasing the number of elderly and senile people, regardless of gender, to plastic surgeons to perform operations aimed mainly at improving the aesthetics of the face, neck and body shaping by eliminating gravitational ptosis and removing excess subcutaneous fat. deposits on the trunk. The main reason for refusal to perform the operation desired by the patient and recommended by the plastic surgeon is the lack of funds.

Transcriptomic Insight into the Melon Morphology of Toothed Whales for Aquatic Molecular Developments

Aquatic habitats are home to large animals such as marine mammals. Toothed whales have special fat deposits in the forehead region (called the melon) of their heads that are associated with echolocation underwater. This fat is also important industrially for human use. Due to the lack of gene expression information on the melon fat of toothed whales, we investigated the melon morphology via the transcriptomic approach. Four parts of the melons of three individual Risso’s dolphins were used for total RNA extraction, cDNA library preparation, and sequencing via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. After the downstream analysis of raw sequence data, we determined that the outer layer of the melon’s ML4 region played multifunctional roles. The 36 differentially expressed genes of outer melon included ASB5, MYH13, MYOM2, and MYOM3. These genes are associated with muscle function and energy metabolism. Gene clustering and functional enrichment analyses also represented enrichments, such as the pentose phosphate pathway and morphogenesis related to lipid metabolism and muscle functions. This study will be crucial for muscle and fat functional-related molecular studies on aquatic mammals. Additionally, the study presents potential pathways, such as melon fat biosynthesis, for sustainable future developments.

It Is High Time Physicians Thought of Natural Products for Alleviating NAFLD. Is There Sufficient Evidence to Use Them?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease all over the world due to the obesity pandemic; currently, therapeutic options for NAFLD are scarce, except for diet recommendations and physical activity. NAFLD is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat deposits (>5%) in the liver with subsequent inflammation and fibrosis. Studies in the literature show that insulin resistance (IR) may be considered as the key mechanism in the onset and progression of NAFLD. Recently, using natural products as an alternative approach in the treatment of NAFLD has drawn growing attention among physicians. In this review, the authors present the most recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and lines of evidence from animal models about the efficacy of nutraceutics in alleviating NAFLD. Among the most studied substances in the literature, the following molecules were chosen because of their presence in the literature of both clinical and preclinical studies: spirulina, oleuropein, garlic, berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, ginseng, glycyrrhizin, coffee, cocoa powder, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and bromelain.

Traumatic sacral dermoid cyst rupture with intracranial subarachnoid seeding of lipid particles: illustrative case

BACKGROUND Intracranial deposits of fat droplets are an unusual presentation of a spinal dermoid cyst after spontaneous rupture and are even more uncommon after trauma. Here, the authors present a case with this rare clinical presentation, along with a systematic review of the literature to guide decision making in these patients. OBSERVATIONS A 54-year-old woman with Lynch syndrome presented with severe headache and sacrococcygeal pain after a traumatic fall. Computed tomography of the head revealed multifocal intraventricular and intracisternal fat deposits, which were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neuroaxis; in addition, a ruptured multiloculated cyst was identified within the sacral canal with proteinaceous/hemorrhagic debris, most consistent with a sacral dermoid cyst with rupture into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space. An unruptured sacral cyst was later noted on numerous previous MRI scans. In our systematic review, we identified 20 similar cases, most of which favored surgical treatment. LESSONS Rupture of an intraspinal dermoid cyst must be considered when intracranial fat deposits are found in the context of cauda equina syndrome, meningism, or hydrocephalus. Complete tumor removal with close postoperative follow-up is recommended to decrease the risk of complications. CSF diversion must be prioritized if life-threatening hydrocephalus is present.

Free Fatty Acid Species Differentially Modulate the Inflammatory Gene Response in Primary Human Skeletal Myoblasts

Age-related loss of skeletal muscle is associated with obesity and inflammation. In animal models, intramuscular fat deposits compromise muscle integrity; however, the relevant fat components that mediate muscular inflammation are not known. Previously, we hypothesized that free fatty acids (FFAs) may directly induce inflammatory gene expression in skeletal muscle cells of obese rats. Here, we examined this hypothesis in primary human skeletal myoblasts (SkMs) using multiplex expression analysis of 39 inflammatory proteins in response to different FFA species. Multiplex mRNA quantification confirmed that the IL6, IL1RA, IL4, LIF, CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL12 and CCL2 genes were differentially regulated by saturated and unsaturated C16 or C18 FFAs. Fluorescence staining revealed that only saturated C16 and C18 strongly interfere with myoblast replication independent of desmin expression, mitochondrial abundance and oxidative activity. Furthermore, we addressed the possible implications of 71 human receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in FFA-mediated effects. Phosphorylated EphB6 and TNK2 were associated with impaired myoblast replication by saturated C16 and C18 FFAs. Our data suggest that abundant FFA species in human skeletal muscle tissue may play a decisive role in the progression of sarcopenic obesity by affecting inflammatory signals or myoblast replication.

Intelligent Noise Reduction Algorithm to Evaluate the Correlation between Human Fat Deposits and Uterine Fibroids under Ultrasound Imaging

This study aimed to realize the automatic diagnosis of fatty degeneration of uterine fibroids. In this study, the traditional nonlocal means (NLM) algorithm was improved by changing the Euclidean distance and introducing a cosine function and applied to the ultrasonic imaging intelligent diagnosis of patients with fatty degeneration of uterine fibroids. Then, the noise reduction effect of the improved NLM algorithm was evaluated based on several indicators, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), figure of merit (FOM), and structural similarity (SSIM). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score were adopted to evaluate the improved NLM algorithm for diagnosing fatty degeneration of uterine fibroids, and the Perona–Malik (PM) algorithm and NLM algorithm were used for comparative analysis. The results showed that after the ultrasound images of patients with uterine fibroids were denoised using the improved NLM algorithm, the PSNR, MSE, CNR, FOM, and SSIM were obviously better than the same indicators of the image processed with the PM algorithm and the NLM algorithm, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). The diagnosis results of patients with fatty degeneration of uterine fibroids found that there was only one patient with missed diagnosis after the ultrasound image was processed with NLM algorithm, and there was no statistical difference between the improved NLM algorithm and the assisted diagnosis accuracy of the pathological examination results ( P > 0.05 ). The average noise reduction time of the PM algorithm, NLM algorithm, and the improved NLM algorithm was 16.38 ± 4.33 s, 18.01 ± 5.14 s, and 23.81 ± 4.62 s, respectively. The diagnosis rate before improvement was 75.0%, the diagnosis accuracy rate for PM was 79.69%, and that after improvement was 85.94%. In summary, the improved NLM algorithm showed a good noise reduction effect on ultrasound images of patients with uterine fibroids, could improve the diagnosis accuracy of fatty degeneration of uterine fibroids, and could assist clinicians in the ultrasound imaging diagnosis of patients with uterine fibroids.

Clinical case of fatal panniculitis resulting from administration of lipolytic

The article describes a clinical case of a five-fold administration of a direct lipolytic–phosphatidylcholine / deoxycholic acid for cosmetic purposes, which resulted in widespread septal panniculitis, systemic inflammatory reaction, secondary myositis, thrombotic microangiopathic syndrome, fatty necrosis of the pancreatic head, necrotic nephrosis and multiple organ failure, which led to death of the patient.Materials and methods. Analysis of medical records, histological examination of autopsy material.Conclusions. Injection lipolysis using phosphatidylcholine / deoxycholate causes uncontrolled necrosis of adipose and vascular tissue, fibrosis, which makes the indefinitely long-term consequences of the administration of drugs for the non-surgical treatment of subcutaneous fat deposits. Phosphatidylcholine / sodium deoxycholate is not recommended for use in the presence of general obesity, somatic pathology, or in elderly patients.

The “Adipo-Cerebral” Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are overwhelming problems in western countries. Adipocytes, far from being only fat deposits, are capable of endocrine functions, and the endocrine activity of adipose tissue, resumable in adipokines production, seems to be a key modulator of central nervous system function, suggesting the existence of an “adipo-cerebral axis.” This connection exerts a key role in children growth and puberty development, and it is exemplified by the leptin–kisspeptin interaction. The aim of this review was to describe recent advances in the knowledge of adipose tissue endocrine functions and their relations with nutrition and growth. The peculiarities of major adipokines are briefly summarized in the first paragraph; leptin and its interaction with kisspeptin are focused on in the second paragraph; the third paragraph deals with the regulation of the GH-IGF axis, with a special focus on the model represented by growth hormone deficiency (GHD); finally, old and new nutritional aspects are described in the last paragraph.

Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Weight Gain of Experimental Rats

Background: Obesity, as defined by the WHO is an abnormal fat consolidation or excessive fat deposit. Those excessive fat deposits have been known to be the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. One such additive is known to improve the taste of the food is Monosodium Glutamate (MSG). The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of MSG on weight gain. Methods: This is a simple experimental design with a pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in the Animal House laboratories of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sumatera Utara between October and November of 2019. The sample in this experiment is male Wistar rats aged 10-11 weeks that will be fed with standard animal feed mixed with MSG. There are 2 groups of rats (each group 16 rats), one group 1 (non-MSG), and group 2 (MSG). The rats were fed with animal feed (ad labium) for 31 days. The feed given every single day will be weighed and documented. The subcutaneous fat was taken from the abdominal and axillary regions. Result. After 31 days of treatment, re-weighing of both groups of animals was carried out. The initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, total fat extracted and total feed consumed was not different significant (p>0,05). Conclusion. The feeding of MSG for 31 days, did not have significant effects on weight gain. A longer time is needed for evaluation of MSG effect on weight gain

The choice of surfactants for the hydrolysis of protein-fat deposits in the production of functional milk-based products

В статье представлены результаты экспериментов, согласно которым общепринятые концентрации 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 % рабочих щелочных растворов характеризуются более высоким поверхностным натяжением, чем вода. Введение комплексоната в растворы щелочных электролитов практически не влияет на эти показатели. При этом достигается степень удаления отложений с контактной поверхности на 14-17 % в зависимости от концентрации гидроксида щелочного металла. По результатам определения поверхностного натяжения и эмульгирующей способности различных видов поверхностно-активных веществ (ПАВ) выявлены наиболее рациональные из них. Для удаления отложений с преимущественным содержанием белковой фракции и функциональных добавок акцент следует направить на применение неионогенных ПАВ с наименьшим показателем поверхностного натяжения при концентрациях щелочной основы 1,7-2,5 %. При наличии значительных отложений жировой фракции и функциональных добавок необходимо использовать анионные ПАВ в смеси с диспергаторами, снижающими пенообразующую способность моющих растворов. Концентрация щелочных компонентов в процессе мойки может варьировать в пределах 0,5-1,2 %. The article presents the results of experiments, according to which the generally accepted concentrations 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 % of working alkaline solutions are characterized by a higher surface tension than water. The introduction of a complexonate into solutions of alkaline electrolytes has practically no effect on these indicators. In this case, the degree of removal of deposits from the contact surface is achieved by 14-17 %, depending on the concentration of alkali metal hydroxide. Based on the results of determining the surface tension and emulsifying abilities of various types of surfactants, the most rational of them were identified. To remove deposits with a predominant content of the protein fraction and functional additives, the emphasis should be on the use of nonionic surfactants with the lowest surface tension at alkaline base concentrations 1.7-2.5 %. In the presence of significant deposits of the fat fraction and functional additives, it is necessary to use anionic surfactants in a mixture with special dispersants that reduce the foaming ability of washing solutions. The concentration of alkaline components in the washing process can vary within 0.5-1.2 %.