scholarly journals Preparation of Natural Silk Protein-Based Flame Retardant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Sun ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Zhongfei Ma ◽  
Minxue Zheng ◽  
Wang Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Silk Protein ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Natural Silk ◽  
Coating Formation ◽  
Layer Assembly

Abstract To counter paper flammability, SF-JR400/MP-SiO2 sourced from natural silk protein may be applied to the paper surface using layer-by-layer assembly (LbL). The microstructure and composition of the coating may be assessed using SEM, FTIR and XPS. Presence of the coating increases the paper combustion limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 20.4% to 38%. Compared to untreated DBP, TGA analysis shows that the initial decomposition temperature of DBP rises from 115˚C to 148˚C. Residual char yield increases from 11.3% to 38.8%. The formation of a surface char layer protects paper internal fibers from heat feedback and consequent thermal decomposition. Analysis using CONE indicates that a 25-layer assembly can reduce the peak and total heat dissipation by 88.4% and 54.7%, respectively analysis suggests that silk may function as an agent to accelerate the coating, formation of a protective.

scholarly journals A Study on the Synthesis, Curing Behavior and Flame Retardance of a Novel Flame Retardant Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Yong Sun ◽  
Yongli Peng ◽  
Yajiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Isothermal Kinetics ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Epoxy Resin System ◽  
Dsc Method

In this work, a flame retardant curing agent (DOPO-MAC) composed of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide DOPO and methyl acrylamide (MAC) was synthesized successfully, and the structure of the compound was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The non-isothermal kinetics of the epoxy resin/DOPO-MAC system with 1% phosphorus was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The activation energy of the reaction (Ea), about 46 kJ/mol, was calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa method, indicating that the curing reaction was easy to carry out. The flame retardancy of the epoxy resin system was analyzed by vertical combustion test (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that epoxy resin (EP) with 1% phosphorus successfully passed a UL-94 V-0 rating, and the LOI value increased along with the increasing of phosphorus content. It confirmed that DOPO-MAC possessed excellent flame retardance and higher curing reactivity. Moreover, the thermal stability of EP materials was also investigated by TGA. With the DOPO-MAC added, the residual mass of EP materials increased remarkably although the initial decomposition temperature decreased slightly.

scholarly journals Layer-by-layer assembly flame-retardant and anti-dripping treatment of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501987030
Author(s):  
Yinchun Fang ◽  
Xinhua Liu ◽  
Cuie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Layer By Layer Assembly ◽  
Branched Polyethylenimine ◽  
Layer Assembly

Layer-by-layer assembly is a simple and effective method which has been widely studied to improve the flame retardancy of textiles in recent years. In this article, flame-retardant and anti-dripping polyethylene terephthalate fabrics were successfully prepared by layer-by-layer assembly branched polyethylenimine and ammonium polyphosphate on their surface. The results of limiting oxygen index values and vertical burning test revealed that the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics were improved after the layer-by-layer assembly treatment; especially, the dripping phenomenon was eliminated when the number of branched polyethylenimine/ammonium polyphosphate bilayers was over 10. The influence of alkali treatment of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics before layer-by-layer assembly was also investigated. The results showed that alkali treatment of the polyethylene terephthalate fabrics would promote the combination of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics and the charged flame retardants indicating better flame retardancy. The results of thermogravimetric analysis revealed that layer-by-layer assembly treatment of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics would promote char formation both under the nitrogen atmosphere and under the air atmosphere which may act through condensed phase action. The scanning electron microscopy images of the char residues revealed that the layer-by-layer assembly treatment of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics would promote the formation of a compact and intact char residue, which was beneficial for the improvement of flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance. This research would provide the experimental basis for the effective flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of polyethylene terephthalate fabric.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Magnesium-Containing Compounds in Material Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Sun ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mg-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus- magnesium characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mg-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mg contents of 4.0% get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mg-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mg-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mg and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Metal-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 466-467 ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Zn-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Zn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Zn contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 20.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Zn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Zn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Zn and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Behavior of Epoxy Resins Containing Manganese Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 983 ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu ◽  
Shuang Tian ◽  
Song Liu
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mn-MIFR), was synthesized. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mn contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.5% and char yield of 18.2%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mn and P at the residue were increased.

Toughness and Thermal Properties of MWCNTs/EP Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 763 ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhi Ding ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
Wei Chain ◽  
Xiao Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Fracture Energy ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Hot Melt

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) to improve the resins toughness and thermal properties. MWCNTs/EP composites were prepared by hot melt method. The fracture energy of composites was determined by wedge test, measure length of crack extension of the composites, and calculates the fracture energy. Results show improved composites toughness, as MWCNTs were dispersed in EP matrix evenly, thus absorbed impact energy. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results suggest that initial decomposition temperature increased by adding MWCNTs, with a promoted formation of a structural antiflaming network, which led to enhancement of thermal stability of the composites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and LU-94 data also showed a decrease of flammability of the composites.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Aluminum Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 574-577
Author(s):  
Yong Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Al-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-aluminum characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Al-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Al contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.8% and char yield of 19.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Al-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Al-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Al and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Novel Silicon-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 560-561 ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Si-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Si-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Si contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 23.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Si-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Si-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Si and P at the residue were increased.

scholarly journals The synergism of MgCO3 and 2ZnCO3·3ZnO·4H2O as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

e-Polymers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqiang Qu ◽  
Weihong Wu ◽  
Yunhong Jiao ◽  
Jixing Xie ◽  
Jianzhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Synergistic Agent

AbstractMgCO3 and 2ZnCO3·3ZnO·4H2O (AZC) as flame-retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density rating (SDR) tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The activation energy (Ea) of the original and flame retardant PVCs’ degradation processes was calculated by the Vyazovkin method. The results showed that the AZC can be used as a synergistic agent for MgCO3 as flame retardants agent of flexible PVC. The composites of MgCO3 and AZC cannot only decrease the initial decomposition temperature and increase the weight loss rate in the first stage, but also can promote the char formation in the second stage. The AZC decreased the Ea of the degradation reaction of PVC in the first stage and MgCO3 increased the Ea in the second stage, which means that the AZC combined with MgCO3, catalyzed the dehydrochlorination, promoted the early crosslinking for the PVC compound and improve the stability of the char residue. The SEM results also show that the char residue of MgCO3/AZC treated sample has a continuous and denser structure, which can be used as a barrier for the PVC bulk.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Copper Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Qiu Ju Dai ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Cu-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-copper characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Cu-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Cu contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.4%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Cu-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Cu-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Cu and P at the residue were increased.

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