A case study of Web Content Accessibility of 15 top-ranked Universities of India

Basic Features ◽

Abstract Accessibility of websites are very important for making it web-based information for persons with disabilities which further reinforced by COVID-19 pandemic. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) has been developed by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and accordingly Guidelines for Indian Government Websites (GIGW) has also been developed. In this case study we studied the home page of websites of 15 top ranked Higher Education Institutions of India ranked by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), started in 2016 for availability of basic accessibility features. The ranking used is of latest one i.e. of 2020. Qualitative observation has been made of the home page of each 15 universities and the NIRF website. Eleven fundamental accessibility features were taken in to account. Results revealed that most of these top15 ranked universities lack even basic accessibility feature making their websites inaccessible for persons with disabilities. Options like font size, screen reader, high contrast text also were not found on may website of top-15 universities. The website of NIRF had no basic features out of 11 considered in the study indicating a very poor condition of digital accessibility features of website of top ranked universities which needs urgent attention to achieve equity and inclusion as promised in NEP 2020.

A lesson from COVID-19 on inaccessibility of web-based information for disabled populations worldwide

10.1101/2020.08.16.252676 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Amiel A. Dror ◽

Eli Layous ◽

Matti Mizrachi ◽

Amani Daoud ◽

Netanel Eisenbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Health Authority ◽

Information Dissemination ◽

Web Content ◽

Web Based ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Government Websites ◽

Content Accessibility ◽

The Web

AbstractMany government websites and mobile content are inaccessible for people with vision, hearing, and cognitive disabilities. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these disparities when health authority website information, critical in providing resources for curbing the spread of the virus, remained inaccessible for disabled populations. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines provide comparatively universally accepted guidelines for website accessibility. We utilized these parameters to examine the number of countries with or without accessible health authority websites. The resulting data indicate a dearth of countries with websites accessible for persons with disabilities. Methods of information dissemination must take into consideration individuals with disabilities, particularly in times of global health crises.

A Heuristic Method for Evaluating Accessibility in Web-Based Serious Games for Users with Low Vision

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10248803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 8803

Author(s):

Luis Salvador-Ullauri ◽

Patricia Acosta-Vargas ◽

Mario Gonzalez ◽

Sergio Luján-Mora

Keyword(s):

Serious Games ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

Low Vision ◽

Heuristic Method ◽

Software Tool ◽

Web Content ◽

Web Based ◽

Nowadays, serious games have become a beneficial resource in the learning process; they are part of our culture and promote social inclusion. Designing accessible serious games is a complete challenge, even more for non-experts. Most existing serious games do not meet accessibility standards because of a lack of methods that include standards and help create more accessible serious games. For this reason, our research presents a heuristic method with three modifications to Giorgio Brajnik’s barrier walkthrough method and based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 (WCAG 2.1). We defined 28 barriers for the users with low vision and the related impact and persistence variables by defining severity ranges to evaluate accessibility. This method allows measuring the accessibility of web-based serious games; the method proposed in this article can be a good help for non-experts. As a case study, this heuristic method was applied to 40 web-based serious games. The evaluators concluded that serious games should apply WCAG 2.1 to achieve an adequate and inclusive accessibility level. However, this study has limitations; the heuristic method depends on the evaluators’ experience. This work can contribute to studies related to accessibility heuristics in serious games; it can also help construct a software tool that applies WCAG 2.1 and helps experts and non-experts evaluate accessibility in serious games.

United by Hope, Divided by Access: Country Mapping of COVID-19 Information Accessibility and Its Consequences on Pandemic Eradication

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2020.618337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Amiel A. Dror ◽

Nicole G. Morozov ◽

Eli Layous ◽

Matti Mizrachi ◽

Amani Daoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Authority ◽

Information Dissemination ◽

Web Content ◽

Motor Impairments ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Information Accessibility ◽

Government Websites ◽

Content Accessibility ◽

The Web

Many government websites and mobile content are inaccessible for people with vision, hearing, cognitive, and motor impairments. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these disparities when health authority website information, critical in providing resources for curbing the spread of the virus, remained inaccessible for numerous disabled populations. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines provide comparatively universally accepted guidelines for website accessibility. We utilized these parameters to examine the number of countries with or without accessible health authority websites. The resulting data indicate a dearth of countries with websites accessible for persons with disabilities. Methods of information dissemination must take into consideration individuals with disabilities, particularly in times of global health crises.

Evaluasi Aksesibilitas Learning Object Berdasarkan Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0

Jurnal ULTIMATICS ◽

10.31937/ti.v9i2.602 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 67-71

Author(s):

Herru Darmadi ◽

Yan Fi ◽

Hady Pranoto

Keyword(s):

Learning Objects ◽

Authoring Tool ◽

Learning Object ◽

Web Content ◽

Web Browser ◽

E Learning ◽

Index Terms ◽

Learning Object (LO) is a representation of interactive content that are used to enrich e-learning activities. The goals of this case study were to evaluate accessibility and compatibility factors from learning objects that were produced by using BINUS E-learning Authoring Tool. Data were compiled by using experiment to 30 learning objects by using stratified random sampling from seven faculties in undergraduate program. Data were analyzed using accessibility and compatibility tests based on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Level A. Results of the analysis for accessibility and compatibility tests of Learning Objects was 90% better than average. The result shows that learning objects is fully compatible with major web browser. This paper also presents five accessibility problems found during the test and provide recommendation to overcome the related problems. It can be concluded that the learning objects that were produced using BINUS E-learning Authoring Tool have a high compatibility, with minor accessibility problems. Learning objects with a good accessibility and compatibility will be beneficial to all learner with or without disabilities during their learning process. Index Terms—accessibility, compatibility, HTML, learning object, WCAG2.0, web

Determining the Accessibility of e-Government Websites in Sub-Saharan Africa Against WCAG 2.0 Standard

International Journal of Electronic Government Research ◽

10.4018/ijegr.2017010104 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 52-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Silas Formunyuy Verkijika ◽

Lizette De Wet

Keyword(s):

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Web Content ◽

Active Population ◽

Wcag 2.0 ◽

Country Analysis ◽

Corruption Perception ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Government Websites ◽

The purpose of this study was to determine the conformance levels of government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and examine which macro factors influenced the accessibility these websites. The findings indicated that the majority of government websites in SSA still had a long way to go to become accessible based on the WCAG 2.0 standards. None of the 217 government websites examined adhered to all the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Cross country analysis showed that there are three macro factors influencing e-government accessibility in SSA, namely Human Development Index (HDI), Corruption Perception Index (CPI), and percentage of the active population (15-64 years). Countries with high HDI levels and low CPI levels tend to have websites with fewer accessibility errors, while those for countries with high percentage of the active population have more accessibility errors.

Research Anthology on Digital Transformation, Organizational Change, and the Impact of Remote Work ◽

Determining the Accessibility of e-Government Websites in Sub-Saharan Africa Against WCAG 2.0 Standard

10.4018/978-1-7998-7297-9.ch069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1385-1404

Author(s):

Silas Formunyuy Verkijika ◽

Lizette De Wet

Keyword(s):

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Web Content ◽

Active Population ◽

Wcag 2.0 ◽

Country Analysis ◽

Corruption Perception ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Government Websites ◽

An examination on ‘website accessibility’ for active engagement of visually impaired e-commerce customers

Technology and Disability ◽

10.3233/tad-200293 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Smita Santoki ◽

Neha Patvardhan

Keyword(s):

Visually Impaired ◽

Active Engagement ◽

Web Content ◽

Indian Government ◽

Customer Base ◽

Wcag 2.0 ◽

Visually Impaired People ◽

Online Shoppers ◽

BACKGROUND: The dominance of a digital wave is being felt in every sphere of the industry, and has been a big boon for online shoppers today. However, companies tend to ignore a section of their customer base, i.e. those who are visually impaired; although there are well-established standards set by WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). Although most e-commerce companies in India conform to these guidelines, as per the recommendations from the Indian government; however ironically; these are not accessible by the blind. OBJECTIVE: This paper specially focuses on the list of problems that the visually-impaired in India face while trying to access e-commerce sites, as most of the sites haven’t conformed to the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. METHOD: Qualitative analysis through the Repertory technique by Kelly in which, the grid developed for different constructs addressing various problems faced by such users in accessing e-commerce websites. FINDINGS: From the findings, it is evident that these visually impaired people are extremely open to gaining access towards the companies’ strategies, as they also want to be a part of the main segment of the society, and would in turn be a strong contributor to the profits of the companies, if they’re taken seriously. The findings also have a series of managerial as well as social implications. CONCLUSION: Further, the study also looks at lending some suggestions through which, marketing managers would be able to look into this prevailing problem, and thereby address the same, while enhancing their level of engagement with this specially-enabled client base. This would result not only in adding profits to the business at large, but also ensure customer satisfaction and delight, albeit the fact that they’re differently abled.

The Knowledge Base Development for the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

International Journal of Intelligence Science ◽

10.4236/ijis.2014.41005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 04 (01) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Yui-Liang Chen ◽

Limin Liu

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Base ◽

Web Content ◽

Content Accessibility ◽

The Web

The BenToWeb Test Case Suites for the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0

Lecture Notes in Computer Science - Computers Helping People with Special Needs ◽

10.1007/978-3-540-70540-6_58 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 402-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christophe Strobbe ◽

Johannes Koch ◽

Evangelos Vlachogiannis ◽

Reinhard Ruemer ◽

Carlos A. Velasco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Test Case ◽

Web Content ◽

Wcag 2.0 ◽

Content Accessibility ◽

The Web

Supporting Accessible User Interfaces Using Web Services

Web Design and Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8619-9.ch040 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 866-884

Author(s):

Georgios Bouloukakis ◽

Ioannis Basdekis ◽

Constantine Stephanidis

Keyword(s):

Web Services ◽

User Interfaces ◽

Web Applications ◽

Automatic Generation ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Web Content ◽

Interface Elements ◽

Content Accessibility ◽

The Web

Web services are an emerging technology that has attracted much attention from both the research and the industry sectors in recent years. The exploitation of Web services as components in Web applications facilitates development and supports application interoperability, regardless of the programming language and platform used. However, existing Web services development standards do not take into account the fact that the provided content and the interactive functionality should be accessible to, and easily operable by, people with disabilities. This chapter presents a platform named myWebAccess, which provides a mechanism for the semi-automated “repair” of Web services' interaction characteristics in order to support the automatic generation of interface elements that conform to the de facto standard of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. myWebAccess enhances interaction quality for specific target user groups, including people with visual and motor disabilities, and supports the use of Web services on diverse platforms (e.g., mobile phones equipped with a browser). The Web developers can build their own design templates and the users of myWebAccess can create a personalized environment containing their favourite services. Thus, they can interact with them through interfaces appropriate to their specific individual characteristics.