scholarly journals Open defecation: risk factors for adverse outcomes in Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Kristiani Irawaty ◽  
Wahyu Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Child Morbidity ◽  
Public Area ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Poor Neighbourhood

Abstract The increasing number of Indonesian population has caused serious issue of open defecation. Indonesia ranks the second large of open defecation prevalence in the world, after India. Human’s excrement was disposed in trench, drain, terrace, grassland, backwoods, forest, river, lake or other open spaces, thus, contaminates the water system. Open defecation can lead to the increasing risk of transmission of water-boene diseases of child morbidity in Indonesia. This study aimed at exploring different socio-economic and demographic factors of Indonesians who practice open defecation. Data were obtained from 49,627 female respondents of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The data were examined utilizing descriptive and logistic regression. The results reveal that the practice of open defecation is significantly influenced by place of residence, household’s wealth quintile, and household’s water supply. The findings suggest the needs for toilet construction and water supply sustainability in public area as well as in poor neighbourhood to eliminate open defecation in the country.

scholarly journals X.—On the White Conduit, Chapel Street, Bloomsbury, and its connexion with the Grey Friars' water system

Archaeologia ◽  
1909 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357
Author(s):  
Philip Norman ◽  
Ernest A. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
Material Evidence

The history of the old systems of water supply in London is of considerable interest, and much of it remains untold, the material evidence being largely hidden below ground, but from time to time some important fact comes to light. This was the case ten years ago, when in a paper read before the Society and printed in Archaeologia, Mr. Norman succeeded in proving that the water supply for the convent of the Grey Friars, or Friars Minors of the Franciscan Order, in London was largely drawn from a conduit-head which still contains water and is to be seen in the garden of a house numbered 20, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges in projects of water treatment plants and storage of potable water: a case studies of the water supply system in the state of Goiás, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Louise de Melo Dores ◽  
Felipe Corrêa Veloso dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Variation Curve

AbstractTo elaborate efficient and economical water supply systems is one of the main objectives in the sanitation companies water system projects. In order to address the challenges faced in reaching this objective, this study aims to identify, first, the relation between the percentage of non-conformed samples in treated water and the inefficiency of the filtering units installed in the water treatment plant, and second, if, by drawing the consumption variation curve it is the most efficient way to predict the storage tanks volume—comparing necessary capacity, determined by the consumption curve, and installed capacity, predict by the outdated Brazilian normative. In order to reach answers for these two questions, this study measured the operating efficiency of the treatment plant as well as have set a quantitative comparison between the two dimensioning criteria for storage tanks volume present in the literature. As a result, the analysis provided the authors to detect a focus of contamination in the single-layered filtering units, limited by the filtering capacity of 2–6 m3/(m2 day), whilst operating at 333.13 m3/(m2 day). As well as to detect by the drawing of the consumption variation curve an oversize of 68% and 60% in the dimensioning of the studied storage tanks. With the results provided by this analysis approach, it was possible to efficiently detect and correct critical impairments in the treatment phase and to conclude that a long-term analysis should be drawn in order to affirm if the consumption variation curve is the best design methodology for the reservoirs.

scholarly journals Vulnerability based management of water resources systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Resources Systems ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Preventive Maintenance Policy

Must the water networks be fail-proof or must they remain safe during a failure? What must water system managers try to achieve? The present paper introduces a methodology for the hierarchical analysis (in time and space) of the preventive maintenance policy of water supply networks, using water supply system performance indices. This is being accomplished through a technical–economic analysis that takes into account all kinds of costs referring to the repair or replacement of trouble-causing parts of the water supply network. The optimal preventive maintenance schedule suggested by the methodology is compared with the empirically based maintenance policy applied to the Athens water supply system.

PERENCANAAN PEMANFAATAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (PAH) DALAM MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN ECODRAIN DI KAMPUS B UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Fauziah Ismahyanti ◽  
Rosmawita Saleh ◽  
Arris Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Alternative Water

This research is done to plan rainwater harvesting so that it can be used as an alternative water source on the campus B UNJ so it is expected to reduce groundwater use that can cause a puddle. The method used in the PAH development plan is a water balance method. This method compares the level of demand with water volume that can be accommodated or the availability of water (supply). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the potential for rainwater in the FIO office building A was 1773.95 m3 , FMIPA building B was 1904.62 m3 , the FIO lecture building C was 1613.21 m3 and the Ulul Albab mosque was 512.16 m3 . Potential rainwater obtained cistern PAH capacity of 200 m3 by saving water needs by 30% in building A FIO, building B FMIPA, and building C FIO. The capacity of the PAH cistern is 80 m3 by saving the water needs of the Ulul Albab mosque by 13.3%. Placement of the PAH cistern under the ground with a ground water system. Ecodrainage application by utilizing the PAH system can reduce drainage load by 0.158 m3 /second or 13.9% from rainwater runoff.

Belji of Dhulikhel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Colopy
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Taxi Driver ◽  
Urban Riots ◽  
The World ◽  
May Day ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rural Nepal ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

I first heard of Bel Prasad Shrestha five years before I met him. An article in the Nepali Times lauded his efforts to establish a water system in the town of Dhulikhel while he was its mayor. I clipped it and set it aside. Fifteen miles from Kathmandu was a municipal utility that put Kathmandu’s to shame. I wanted to know more. Perhaps I saved Bel Prasad for last, expecting the visit to Dhulikhel to be a pleasant excursion—a hopeful encounter that would show me that the break down of urban management I saw every day in Kathmandu was not an inevitable part of development in Nepal. After all those discouraging discussions about Melamchi and about Kathmandu sewage and water supply problems, perhaps I was going to meet a Newar who had a gift for water like his ancient forebears. I went to Dhulikhel the day before May Day, 2010, when Nepal’s Maoists were planning to outdo their usual May Day celebrations with protests all over the city. They were massing their cadres in Kathmandu, ostensibly to pressure the prime minister of another party to resign. On a Friday morning I set out with my friend Ram, a Kathmandu taxi driver who was always available when I needed to venture out on a longer excursion. The shocks on his little white Maruti Suzuki were shot, as they were on most taxis in Kathmandu, but Ram was a good driver who knew all the roads and backroads. Aside from worries about being able to return to the city in the face of demonstrations and roadblocks—or perhaps the complete countrywide shutdown that the Maoists were threatening—Dhulikhel was a green and quiet escape, a fine place to wait out urban riots if any were to materialize. And I found a charming host in Bel Prasad, a unique and now elderly gentleman who had straddled the wide gulf between the rural Nepal of his childhood and the world he had seen in visits to Europe, America, and Japan.

Architectural Expression of Public and Private Water Supply at Morgantina, Corinth, Athens, and Delos

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Urban Amenity ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Local Geology ◽  
The Individual

Water in ancient Greek cities can be considered under several rubrics— aesthetic enrichment of urban spaces, ornamentation of enclosed precincts, nuisance or danger in the form of flood or excessive storm runoff, domestic amenity, public ritual and spectacle, to name a few. This chapter focuses on public fountains, which were both amenity and necessity, contrasting them with the more humble domestic arrangements of the same cities. The appearance, function, and location of fountains cannot be understood as merely visual matters, even though the form and ornamentation of fountains made significant architectural and aesthetic contributions to the cityscape. Rather, understanding the local geology and climate and the principles of hydraulic engineering makes possible a new and clearer understanding of this architectural type. The technological and geological basis of water supply is of equal weight in urban development with the formal presentation of water as an urban amenity. Water management in ancient Greek cities expressed in its physical forms both the simplicity and the sophistication of their hydraulic technology. The physical arrangements were expressed in the same vocabulary of the Greek orders and decorative details that were used for other buildings and fittings, and in the same range of local and imported materials. Placement of the water system elements not only facilitated their use but also indicated the high value placed on water and on its use. The dangers of too much water or not enough were not only solved by Greek technological tradition but also expressed in the physical forms given to the individual parts and to the water system as a whole. Each of the water elements I have studied is simple, fulfilling its function economically, yet each is sophisticated enough that modern day practice is just beginning to catch up with these crafty ancients. For instance, having both the flowing water of fountains and wells, and the stored rainwater of cisterns, meant that the water supply of a Greek city was diversified for greater safety in time of war or shortage, and for ecological soundness. In the late twentieth century we are just beginning to understand the utility of redundancy.

scholarly journals Building a Methodology for Assessing Service Quality under Intermittent Domestic Water Supply

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assia Mokssit ◽  
Bernard de Gouvello ◽  
Aurélie Chazerain ◽  
François Figuères ◽  
Bruno Tassin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
History Of

This document proposes a methodology for assessing the quality of water distribution service in the context of intermittent supply, based on a comparison of joint results from literature reviews and feedback from drinking water operators who had managed these networks, with standards for defining the quality of drinking water service. The paper begins by reviewing and proposing an analysis of the definition and characterization of intermittent water supply (IWS), highlighting some important findings. The diversity of approaches used to address the issue and the difficulty of defining a precise and detailed history of water supply in the affected systems broadens the spectrum of intermittency characterization and the problems it raises. The underlined results are then used to structure an evaluation framework for the water service and to develop improvement paths defined in the intermittent networks. The resulting framework highlights the means available to water stakeholders to assess their operational and management performance in achieving the improvement objectives defined by the environmental and socio-economic contexts in which the network operates. Practical examples of intermittent system management are collected from water system operators and presented for illustration purposes (Jeddah, Algiers, Port-au-Prince, Amman, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Mexico, Cancun, Saltillo, Mumbai, Delhi, Coimbatore …).

scholarly journals Assessment of the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Flint, Michigan

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. E1730-E1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammy Zahran ◽  
Shawn P. McElmurry ◽  
Paul E. Kilgore ◽  
David Mushinski ◽  
Jack Press ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Water System ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Genesee County ◽  
Flint River ◽  
Boil Water Advisories

The 2014–2015 Legionnaires’ disease (LD) outbreak in Genesee County, MI, and the outbreak resolution in 2016 coincided with changes in the source of drinking water to Flint’s municipal water system. Following the switch in water supply from Detroit to Flint River water, the odds of a Flint resident presenting with LD increased 6.3-fold (95% CI: 2.5, 14.0). This risk subsided following boil water advisories, likely due to residents avoiding water, and returned to historically normal levels with the switch back in water supply. During the crisis, as the concentration of free chlorine in water delivered to Flint residents decreased, their risk of acquiring LD increased. When the average weekly chlorine level in a census tract was <0.5 mg/L or <0.2 mg/L, the odds of an LD case presenting from a Flint neighborhood increased by a factor of 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4, 6.3) or 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8, 8.7), respectively. During the switch, the risk of a Flint neighborhood having a case of LD increased by 80% per 1 mg/L decrease in free chlorine, as calculated from the extensive variation in chlorine observed. In communities adjacent to Flint, the probability of LD occurring increased with the flow of commuters into Flint. Together, the results support the hypothesis that a system-wide proliferation of legionellae was responsible for the LD outbreak in Genesee County, MI.

Evaluation of a photovoltaic water-supply scheme for the surface water system in Xiamen, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Mingming Zhu ◽  
Baisha Weng ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System
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