scholarly journals Recovery of Anosmia in Hamsters Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Is Correlated With Repair of the Olfactory Epithelium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Reyna ◽  
Megumi Kishimoto-Urata ◽  
Shinji Urata ◽  
Tomoko Makishima ◽  
Slobodan Paessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Behavioral Test ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Histological Damage

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a pandemic affecting millions of people worldwide. Apart from the extreme global economic impact, the pandemic will likely have a lasting impact through long-term sequelae not yet fully understood. Fully understanding the mechanisms driving the various symptoms and sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection will allow for the eventual development of therapeutics to prevent or treat such life-altering symptoms. In this study, we developed a behavioral test of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. We find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the score of histological damage within the olfactory epithelium. We also find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the thickness of the olfactory epithelium, previously demonstrated to be severely damaged upon infection. Thus, this food-searching behavioral test can act as a simple and effective screening method in a hamster model for various therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia.

scholarly journals Recovery of anosmia in hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 is correlated with repair of the olfactory epithelium

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Reyna ◽  
Megumi Kishimoto-Urata ◽  
Shinji Urata ◽  
Tomoko Makishima ◽  
Slobodan Paessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Behavioral Test ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Histological Damage

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a pandemic affecting billions of people worldwide. Apart from the extreme global economic impact, the pandemic will likely have a lasting impact through long-term sequelae not yet fully understood. Fully understanding the mechanisms driving the various symptoms and sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection will allow for the eventual development of therapeutics to prevent or treat such life-altering symptoms. In this study, we developed a behavioral test of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. We find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the score of histological damage within the olfactory epithelium. We also find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the thickness of the olfactory epithelium, previously demonstrated to be severely damaged upon infection. Thus, this food-searching behavioral test can act as a simple and effective screening method in a hamster model for various therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia.

scholarly journals Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
L A Vaira ◽  
C Hopkins ◽  
A Sandison ◽  
A Manca ◽  
N Machouchas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Histopathological Findings

Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated. Case report This report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Conclusion The biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.

Economic Impact of Lifestyle Behaviour and Quality of Sleep on Long-Term Sickness Absence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noora Kanerva ◽  
Paulus Torkki ◽  
Ossi Rahkonen ◽  
Johanna Pekkala ◽  
Olli Pietiläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour

Characterization and Fuel Cell Testing of Radiation-Grafted Psi Membranes

1999 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-P. Brack ◽  
M. M. Koebel ◽  
A. Tsukada ◽  
J. Huslage ◽  
F. Buechi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Current Voltage

ABSTRACTWe have demonstrated earlier the useful performance of our PSI radiation-grafted membranes in terms of the current-voltage characteristics of 30 cm2 active area fuel cells containing these membranes and their long-term testing over 6,000 h at 60 °C. We report here on testing of PSI radiation-grafted membranes in these fuel cells at 80 °C and in short stacks comprised of two or four 100 cm2 active area cells. The in-situ degradation of membranes has been investigated by characterizing membranes both before testing in fuel cells and post-mortem after testing in fuel cells. Characterization was accomplished by means of ion-exchange capacity and infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements. In addition, a rapid screening method for our ex-situ testing of the oxidative stability of proton-conducting membranes was developed in this work. Comparison of the initial screening test results concerning the oxidative stability of some perfluorinated, partially-fluorinated, and non-fluorinated membranes compare well qualitatively with the relative stability of these same membranes during their long-term testing in fuel cells.

scholarly journals Glucose Utilization in Rat Hippocampus after Long-Term Recovery from Ischemia

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Beck ◽  
Andreas Wree ◽  
Axel Schleicher
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Forebrain Ischemia ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Histological Damage ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The influence on hippocampal glucose utilization of a transient 10-min forebrain ischemia was quantified in male Wistar rats after 2 and 3 weeks as well as after 3 months by application of the [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the carotid arteries and simultaneous lowering of the blood pressure to 40 mm Hg. For identification of the hippocampal architecture, sections were stained for perikarya (cresyl violet) and for acetylcholinesterase. The hippocampal regions clearly showed different responses to the ischemic insult. The necrotic pyramidal cells being almost completely removed, significant increases in glucose utilization occurred in most layers of the CA1 sector at 2 and 3 weeks post ischemia, while widespread reductions prevailed in all other sectors and the dentate gyrus. At 3 months after the ischemic insult, glucose utilization was reduced in all hippocampal structures including the CA1 region. The increases in glucose utilization in the CA1 sector are suggested to indicate long-lasting presynaptic hyperexcitation, while the widespread reductions in glucose utilization demonstrate that neuronal activity is also altered in hippocampal areas that do not show major histological damage.

Hosting annual international sporting events and tourism: Formula 1, golf or tennis?

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662110290
Author(s):  
Bala Ramasamy ◽  
Howei Wu ◽  
Matthew Yeung
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Mega Events ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mega Sports Events

Hosting sports events to attract international tourists is a common policy practised by many host governments. Hosting mega-sports events like the Olympics is said to leave a legacy that could impact the attractiveness of a country/city in the long term. However, the opportunity to host these mega-events is limited and expensive. This study considers the economic impact of hosting annual international sporting events, specifically the extent to which Formula 1, ATP Tennis and PGA Golf can attract international tourists. Using monthly data from 1998 to 2018, we show that the effect differs from one sport to another within a country and the same sport across countries. Hosting the Formula 1 is most effective for Canada but has no significant impact in Australia and the United Kingdom. ATP Tennis and PGA Golf have a significant impact on at least two countries. Policy-makers must consider carefully the sport that gives the best bang-for-the-buck.

Updated picture of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations

Diagnosis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Camilla Mattiuzzi ◽  
Brandon M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract The worldwide burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still unremittingly prosecuting, with nearly 300 million infections and over 5.3 million deaths recorded so far since the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic at the end of the year 2019. The fight against this new highly virulent beta coronavirus appears one of the most strenuous and long challenges that humanity has ever faced, since a definitive treatment has not been identified so far. The adoption of potentially useful physical preventive measures such as lockdowns, social distancing and face masking seems only partially effective for mitigating viral spread, though efficacy and continuation of such measures on the long term is questionable, due to many social and economic reasons. Many COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and are now widely used, though their effectiveness is challenged by several aspects such as low uptake and limited efficacy in some specific populations, as well as by continuous emergence of new mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, accompanying the origin and spread of new variants, which in turn may contribute to further decrease the effectiveness of current vaccines and treatments. This article is hence aimed to provide an updated picture of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations that have emerged from November 2019 to present time (i.e., early December 2021).

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