scholarly journals Impacts of interpersonal distancing on-board trains during the COVID-19 emergency: case studies and viewpoints from industry, consultancies and public transportation companies in Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Coppola ◽  
Francesco De Fabiis
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Emergency Case ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
The Times ◽  
Interpersonal Distancing

Abstract The emergency from COVID-19 and the cities lockdown have had a strong impact on transportation sector. Travel demand, in particular, registered an unprecedented overall contraction, especially in passenger transportation which has dramatically dropped down with peaks of less 90%-95%. In the re-opening phase, travel demand is gradually resuming the levels before the crisis, but some structural changes are observed both in travel behavior and in transportation supply.This paper aims at giving a contribution to the undergoing debate by presenting the results of a study to forecast the impacts of keeping an interpersonal distancing of one-meter between passengers on board (sub-urban and high-speed) trains. The results of the study have been shared and discussed with a panel of chief executives of industries, consultancies in the mobility sector and Public Transportation (PT) companies. It has emerged that interpersonal distancing and the reduced level of capacity on board vehicles are seen as effective to prevent the contagion, but are perceived as not sustainable due to the induced increase in operating costs. This is confirmed by the simulation carried out during the study which have showed the need of new urban policies not only limited to the transportation domain (e.g. changes in the times of schools, commerce and industries) in order to manage the demand peaks at the stations and on-board vehicles.

scholarly journals Impacts of interpersonal distancing on-board trains during the COVID-19 emergency

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Coppola ◽  
Francesco De Fabiis
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Interpersonal Distancing

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 emergency and the cities lockdown have had a strong impact on transport and mobility. In particular, travel demand has registered an unprecedented overall contraction, dramatically dropping down with peaks of - 90%-95% passengers for public transport (PT). During the re-opening phase, demand is gradually resuming the levels before the crisis, although some structural changes are observed in travel behaviour, and containment measures to reduce the risk of contagion are still being applied, affecting transport supply. Objective This paper aims at assessing to what extent keeping a one-meter interpersonal distancing on-board trains is sustainable for public transport companies. Method The analysis is based on travel demand forecasting models applied to two case-studies in Italy: a suburban railway line and a High-speed Rail (HSR) line, differentiated by demand characteristics (e.g. urban vs. ex-urban) and train access system (free access vs. reservation required). Results In the suburban case, the results show the need of new urban policies, not only limited to the transport domain, in order to manage the demand peaks at the stations and on-board vehicles. In the ex-urban case, the outputs suggest the need for public subsidies in order for the railways undertakings to cope with revenue losses and, at the same time, to maintain service quality levels.

Analyzing Transit User Behavior with 51 Weeks of Smart Card Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (6) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Deschaintres ◽  
Catherine Morency ◽  
Martin Trépanier
Keyword(s):  
Smart Card ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Smart Card Data ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
The Individual

A better understanding of mobility behaviors is relevant to many applications in public transportation, from more accurate travel demand models to improved supply adjustment, customized services and integrated pricing. In line with this context, this study mined 51 weeks of smart card (SC) data from Montréal, Canada to analyze interpersonal and intrapersonal variability in the weekly use of public transit. Passengers who used only one type of product (AP − annual pass, MP − monthly pass, or TB − ticket book) over 12 months were selected, amounting to some 200,000 cards. Data was first preprocessed and summarized into card-week vectors to generate a typology of weeks. The most popular weekly patterns were identified for each type of product and further studied at the individual level. Sequences of week clusters were constructed to represent the weekly travel behavior of each user over 51 weeks. They were then segmented by type of product according to an original distance, therefore highlighting the heterogeneity between passengers. Two indicators were also proposed to quantify intrapersonal regularity as the repetition of weekly clusters throughout the weeks. The results revealed MP owners have a more regular and diversified use of public transit. AP users are mainly commuters whereas TB users tend to be more occasional transit users. However, some atypical groups were found for each type of product, for instance users with 4-day work weeks and loyal TB users.

Chains and Arteries: Railways as Visual Propaganda during the Second Sino-Japanese War

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-96
Author(s):  
WU Xueshan
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Visual Narratives ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Social Governance ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
The Times

From the time of their invasion in 1931, the Japanese commenced railway construction in China on a large scale, not only to transport troops and supplies, but, just as importantly, to verify Japan’s achievements in “constructing” a new East Asia. To this end, Japanese and Manchurian propaganda images were replete with high-speed trains, as epitomes of the technological progress of the times. Conversely, a primary military goal of the Chinese government was the destruction of these very railroads. Thus, a variety of photographs and woodcut prints of the period depict scenes of Chinese combatants and civilians cooperating to destroy Japanese railways and trains, which were taken to represent the Japanese invader’s machinery of violence. In this context, railroads and other implements of modernity were implicated by war, and both sides were fully cognizant of the capacity of railroads to conquer space. The battle over the sovereignty of these railways, then, whether to build or destroy them, signified an expansion of military and political power. Focusing on the different ways in which railroads were represented in this conflict, this paper explores how different visual narratives pointed to power relationships of the time, either to validate or subvert existing social governance.

scholarly journals Multimode Traffic Travel Behavior Characteristics Analysis and Congestion Governance Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Wen Li ◽  
Wei Feng ◽  
Hua-zhi Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Congestion Management ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Behavior Characteristics

The rapid aggregation of modern urban population and the rapid growth of car travel lead to traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and other problems. In view of the limited land resources in our country, it is impractical to meet residents’ travel demand by blindly increasing traffic supply. Therefore, addressing the urban road congestion problem for sustainable development of modern cities, the paper makes research on residents’ travel behavior characteristics and travel preference under the condition of multimodal transportation to formulate reasonable traffic demand management strategy for the guide on public traffic demand, bus priority strategy, and congestion management. The operation characteristic of each transportation mode is analyzed by comparing its related traffic and economic characteristics. Multimode traffic choice behavior is discussed by establishing multiple logistic regression models to analyze the main influencing factors to travelers’ social and economic attributes, travel characteristics, and preference based on travel survey data of urban residents. The paper proposes the development of an urban public transportation system and travelling mode shift from cars to public transportation as reasonable travel structure for congestion management and sustainable development of modern cities.

scholarly journals Mode Choice Modeling to Shift Car Travelers towards Park and Ride Service in the City Centre of Karachi

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5638
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmed Memon ◽  
Saima Kalwar ◽  
Noman Sahito ◽  
Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur ◽  
Imtiaz Ahmed Chandio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Choice Models ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Travel Demand Management ◽  
Park And Ride

Currently, congestion in Karachi’s central business district (CBD) is the result of people driving their cars to work. Consequently, a park and ride (P&R) service has proved successful in decreasing traffic congestion and the difficulty of finding parking spaces from urban centers. The travelers cannot be convinced to shift towards the P&R service without an understanding of their travel behavior. Therefore, a travel behavior survey needs to be conducted to reduce the imbalance between public and private transport. Hence, mode choice models were developed to determine the factors that influence single-occupant vehicle (SOV) travelers’ decision to adopt the P&R service. Data were collected by an adapted self-administered questionnaire. Mode choice models were developed through logistic regression modeling by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. The findings concluded that more than 70%, specifically motorbike users, to avoid mental stress, and to protect the environment are willing to adopt the P&R service. Moreover, to validate the mode choice models, logit model training and a testing approach were used. In conclusion, by overcoming these influencing factors and balancing push and pull measures of travel demand management (TDM), SOV users can be encouraged to shift towards P&R services. Thus, research outcomes can support policymakers in implementing sustainable modes of public transportation.

Structural changes in silicon-on-insulator material during post-implantation annealing

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 736-737
Author(s):  
C. O. Jung ◽  
S. J. Krause ◽  
S.R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Radiation Hardened ◽  
Post Implantation ◽  
Very High

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures have excellent potential for future use in radiation hardened and high speed integrated circuits. For device fabrication in SOI material a high quality superficial Si layer above a buried oxide layer is required. Recently, Celler et al. reported that post-implantation annealing of oxygen implanted SOI at very high temperatures would eliminate virtually all defects and precipiates in the superficial Si layer. In this work we are reporting on the effect of three different post implantation annealing cycles on the structure of oxygen implanted SOI samples which were implanted under the same conditions.

Battery Self-Traction System for High-Speed Trains

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Kato ◽  
Kenji Sato
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
Traction System
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document