scholarly journals The dissemination of the “Shell sentence” and compliance with the Paris Agreement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Lopez ◽  
Guadalupe Arce ◽  
María Cadarso ◽  
Mateo Ortiz ◽  
Jorge Zafrilla
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract The extension of Shell’s landmark sentence to all the foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs) would imply a global emissions reduction of 2.76 GtCO2. Between 28% and 43% of the total 2030 emissions reduction target of not exceeding 2°C would be achieved. While 91% of multinational affiliates’ output belongs to high-income countries, 54% of their emissions occur in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, these commitments could crucially help emerging countries meet their mitigation targets. We place a special focus on MNEs in the vehicle industry and find that the current targets disclosed in the sustainability reports of the leading automotive MNEs (such as Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan, and Ford) ignore the upstream emissions of their production, as they consider only scopes 1 and 2. This biased approach would have them reducing only 8%-22% of the required reductions of their upstream emissions if the Shell sentence were to be extended to the automotive industry.

Could massive open online courses improve health and medical education?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schütte ◽  
Sophie-Hélène Goulet-Ebongue ◽  
Khamsa Habouchi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Technological Advances

Abstract Technological advances during the last decade have provided novel opportunities for development of health and medical education. Education of health care professionals by massive open online courses (MOOCs) has been suggested in order to improve care and treatment of patients and the health literacy of the public. This article discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of MOOCs in health and medical education by taking a special focus on low and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Require a Special Focus During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe R. McDonald ◽  
Andrea M. Weckman ◽  
Julie K. Wright ◽  
Andrea L. Conroy ◽  
Kevin C. Kain
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Middle-Income Countries: New Middle-Income Trap Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Tampakoudis ◽  
Demetres N. Subeniotis ◽  
Ioannis G. Kroustalis ◽  
Manolis I. Skouloudakis
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
Gathering Data

Abstract The determinants of FDI have been examined extensively in the literature; however, the empirical findings are inconclusive and often diverging. Developing and emerging countries have attracted the bulk of FDI inflows since the early 2000s, subsequently improving their economic level. Nevertheless, many middle-income countries got stuck in the middle-income trap, failing to make the transition to the high-income level. The study investigates the effects of certain determinants on FDI inflows to middle-income countries, with respect to avoiding the middle-income trap. We employ a panel data analysis for fifteen middleincome countries gathering data from 1980 onwards. The results highlight the significance of trade openness, GDP and population growth on inward FDI, while financial development, inflation, infrastructure and fuel exports are found to be insignificant. Empirical findings may force governments to apply policies in certain areas, with the aim of attracting further FDI while at the same time escaping the middle-income trap.

scholarly journals On the determinants of trade openness in low- and lower–middle-income countries in Africa: how important is economic growth?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Boahene Osei ◽  
Yakubu Awudu Sare ◽  
Muazu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe existing literature highlights the determinants of trade openness with disregard to the income classifications of countries in examining whether the determinants differ given their income levels. This study, therefore, re-examines the drivers of trade openness in Africa relying on panel data with special focus on the role of economic growth. More specifically, we perform a comparative analysis of the factors influencing trade openness for low-income and lower–middle-income countries using the system generalized method of moments. Our findings suggest that, while economic growth robustly enhances openness in low-income countries, in the case of lower–middle-income countries, the impact is not robust and largely negative suggesting that higher growth is associated with less openness. We also find that, economic growth–openness nexus for the lower-income countries exhibits non-linearities and inverted U-shaped relationship in particular. Thus, while increases in real GDP per capita enhance openness, beyond an estimated threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness. We discuss key implications for policy.

Mental health and its social determinants

2018 ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
Mirai Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Mental Health Policy ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
The Self ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Primary Care Settings ◽  
Services Integration

Women show higher rates of many psychiatric disorders. They also look after ill family members, adding to their distress and stress. They are more likely to face poor social conditions such as overcrowding poverty and insecure employment. The Self Employed Women’s’ Association was established nearly 50 years ago. It supports and empowers women and this chapters draws some observations that may help others in low- and middle-income countries. The chapter illustrates a need for major changes in mental health policy and implementation, especially in relation to health care in primary care settings with appropriate access to referral services. Integration of public health and primary care is a possible option. Policymakers and legislators in India and other emerging countries need to work with civil society and localpeople to develop and deliver ways in which social determinants of mental health can be addressed, and with peopleat the centre of all efforts.

scholarly journals Global child health: What we have achieved and what needs to be done

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Global child health has cemented itself as an important branch of global health. It is said that the development of a nation is gauged by its infant and under-5 mortality rates. Coordinated efforts by organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and Governments are essential to maintain the momentum of improving the health of children across the world. Special focus needs to be put on areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa and conflict-prone regions where the initial positive gains are being erased. As we achieve success in controlling malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in many countries, we need to start focusing on areas such as cancer, accidents, climate change, and child abuse which will soon become important health problems in children in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A review with particular focus on Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Kiguba ◽  
Sten Olsson ◽  
Catriona Waitt
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) face unique challenges with regard to the establishment of robust pharmacovigilance systems capable of generating data to inform healthcare policy and practice. These include the limited integration and reliance of pharmacovigilance systems across LMIC despite recent efforts to harmonize pharmacovigilance rules and regulations in several regional economic communities; the need to translate reporting tools into numerous local languages; low numbers of healthcare providers relative to number of patients, with very short consultation times; scarcity of well-trained pharmacovigilance personnel with little or no budgetary support for these activities from national governments; high turnover of pharmacovigilance staff whose training involves a substantial amount of resources; little awareness of pharmacovigilance among healthcare workers, decision makers and consumers; very low spontaneous reporting rates with poor quality reports which hinders robust signal detection analyses; little collaboration between public health programmes and national medicines regulatory authorities; limited investment in pharmacovigilance activities especially during mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases; high uptake of herbal and traditional medication, mostly by self-medication; disruptive political conflicts jeopardizing fragile systems; and little or no access to drug utilization data which makes it difficult to reliably estimate the true safety risks of medicine use. This review summarises the specific challenges and areas of progress in pharmacovigilance in LMIC with special focus on the situation in Africa.

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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