scholarly journals Entrepreneurship and the Promises of Inclusive Urban Development in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Fenta Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Levels Of Service ◽  
Unemployed Youth ◽  
The Unemployed

Abstract Ethiopia is one of the rapidly urbanizing countries in Africa and rural-urban migration is the major factor in the urbanization process. Migration is selective and rural youth are more likely to migrate to cities than others. However, the capacity of cities to accommodate the massive influx of migrants by providing formal employment is limited. Consequently, migrants remain marginalized and without access to employment opportunities. The majority are pushed into self-employment in the informal sector with few entrepreneurial skills and no access to affordable finance. Besides, though Ethiopia has shown economic growth, the challenges posed by a fast-growing young population has increased urban inequality, making the youth vulnerable. Despite such challenges, harnessing the benefits of the youth bulge and promoting inclusive development through the promotion of entrepreneurship has become a priority area since 1990s. Although improvements have been made, entrepreneurship programs are unable to reach the unemployed youth and those engaged in informal sector. The objective of this paper is to explore barriers that hinder the youth to formalize informal businesses and to start new businesses. The study followed a qualitative approach. Data were collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussions from four cities-Addis Ababa, Adama, Bahir Dar and Hawassa. The findings show that several bottlenecks including politicization of entrepreneurship, lack of understanding of the nature and demands of the youth; weak instructional systems; low levels of service capacity and inefficiency; lack of entrepreneurship education, youth negligence, and corruption hinder entrepreneurship programs and thereby attaining inclusive development in Ethiopia.

The Informal Sector and Zambia's Employment Crisis

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Todd ◽  
Christopher Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Development ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
The Unemployed

Late in 1979 the Zambian Government unveiled its Third National Development Plan which will guide policies until the year 1984, and this implies that problems of unemployment, particularly in urban areas, will be partly overcome by an expansion of self-employment possibilities.Such was the enthusiasm for the new initiative that the absence of reliable information surrounding it was largely ignored. This article attempts to provide relevant data concerning a number of issues which will be vital in implementing any measures to encourage self-employment in the so-called ‘informal sector’ of the Zambian economy. In particular we shall endeavour to quantify the likely flows into the labour force, particularly from the educational system, the possible growth of formal wage employment in urban areas, and the current size and composition of the informal sector. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the possible rôle of this sector in absorbing the unemployed in the plan period.

scholarly journals In their own words:Unemployed young people on tackling youth labour market constraints in Botswana

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latang Sechele
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Youth Voice ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Unemployed Youth ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Youth Labour

<p>Drawing on focus group discussions with unemployed young people in Gaborone and Mogoditshane, Botswana, this paper seeks to capture the ideas of young people regarding how labour market entry constraints could be weakened to provide an enabling environment for wage employment and self-employment. The research is framed on the interpretive paradigm that conceives of youth as agents that are skilled, knowledgeable and capable of reflecting on matters that affect their existence. This is contrary to other studies of the labour market that privilege expert knowledge, presenting young people as voiceless, less knowledgeable and overwhelmed by structures. The suggested employment strategies by the unemployed youth were found to be feasible and matching expert knowledge. This justifies a call to pay attention to the voices of youth in the design of youth labour market policies and programmes.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Youth voice, labour market constraints, employment strategies, Botswana</p>

scholarly journals Role of RUDSETI in the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Shrigowri K
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Development ◽  
Unemployed Youth ◽  
The Unemployed

Women are the pioneers of nation. Indian culture gives great importance to women. Today, empowerment of women can be seen in all the areas of society. Entrepreneurship development of women in all the areas can be seen today. Both central and state government initiated a number of programs to foster entrepreneurial development. In 1982, an innovative initiative was taken by Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Educational Trust, Syndicate Bank and Canara Bank finally resulted in the setting up of a very well appreciated Rural Development and Self Employment Training Institute (RUDSETI) in India to tackle unemployment issues in rural areas by providing credit acceptability and skill development programs for entrepreneurial development for the unemployed youth along with women. In this context, an attempt is made to find out the working of RUDSETI for Women Entrepreneurship in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka.

The Informal Sector as a Catalyst for Employment Generation in Lagos State, Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem Ayofe Akinwale
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
The Unemployed

Abstract Unemployment remains high in Nigeria due to disintegration between the formal and informal sectors, among other factors. While the unemployed largely focus on the formal sector in search of jobs, there is inadequate interest in the informal sector. Yet, this sector provides livelihoods for the majority of the population. This paper examines the informal sector as a catalyst for generating employment in Lagos State, Nigeria, using the Social Capital Theory and a descriptive survey research design. Data were collected from 480 apprentices, 40 masters, 20 journeymen, and 120 members of various communities through a structured questionnaire, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions, respectively. The findings showed that 64.8 percent of the respondents reported parental sponsorship of vocations in the informal sector, 14.2 percent of the respondents were self-sponsored, and the remainders (18.5 percent and 2.5 percent) were reportedly sponsored by their relatives and masters. Awareness of opportunities for self employment in the informal sector was demonstrated by 71 percent of the respondents. However, 66.3 percent of the respondents thought that schooling could be better than vocations in the informal sector. Mothers’ occupation significantly associated with individuals’ choice of vocation in the informal sector (χ2= 33.71; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the proposed plans for self employment among the respondents in furniture and tailoring workshops (χ2= 1.44; P > 0.05). Planning for self employment was significantly influenced by several factors including gender, age, mothers’ occupation, career plan, and satisfaction within the informal sector (t = 19.247, P < 0.01). The informal sector is vital for survival of youth in Lagos State, Nigeria. This sector should be supported for poverty eradication and entrepreneurial development.

scholarly journals A socio-economic analysis of african female street traders in the Johannesburg CBD

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lalthapersad-Pillay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
African Women ◽  
Street Trading ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Legislation ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Sector Work

In recent years the informal sector in both less developed countries and in developing countries, including South Africa, has undergone rapid growth. In South Africa, high levels of unemployment and poverty have pushed many of the unemployed into self-employment activities in the informal sector. The informal sector is a highly diversified segment, and street trading is one type of survivalist activity. In South Africa, street trading is conducted mainly by African women, who sell mostly fruits, vegetables and cooked foods. The quintessential feature of informal sector work is its precarious nature, especially as it evades the ambit of social security and labour legislation. This article explores the nature of street trading undertaken in the Johannesburg CBD, characterised by poor working conditions, low income, extremely long hours and overcrowding.

scholarly journals Is formal employment sector hereditary? Determinants of formal/informal sector choice for Mexican male workers

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-121
Author(s):  
Adelaido García-Andrés ◽  
Ernesto Aguayo-Téllez ◽  
Jose N. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Employment Choices

Understanding the relationship between parents’ and sons’ formal employment is essential for promoting social mobility in Mexico. Using the 2011 Survey of Social Mobility in Mexico (EMOVI), this paper contributes to the literature by addressing the intergenerational mobility of employment. Findings show a strong connection between intergenerational employment choices and suggest a positive selection for workers. Individuals with parents who worked in the formal sector are more likely to be enrolled in formal work and vice versa. Also, after controlling for parent’s employment sector, schooling remains as a significant vehicle to transit to the formal sector.

Women Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
Badal Chandra Das ◽  
Sebak Kumar Jana
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The People ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Development Support ◽  
Unemployed Youth

Rural development implies both the economic betterment of the people living in rural areas as well as bringing out holistic development. Accordingly, government has made paradigm shift from individual-centric rural development support to creation of gainful self-employment as well as wage employment among rural masses. Entrepreneurship, in this direction, has become an important consideration. Economic growth of a region largely depends on the involvement of poor and marginal sections into the process of entrepreneurship development. Globally, a large number of unemployed youth and women are becoming self-employed through entrepreneurship and creating employment opportunities for others. Researchers have worked on women's empowerment, economic development, and their role on micro-credit movement. The work on role of women in sustainable development is very limited. This chapter has tried to analyse issues related to women entrepreneurships in light of sustainable rural development in India to meet the research gap in the current context of Indian rural economy.

scholarly journals Informality, Growth, and Development in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 619-636
Author(s):  
Ahmadou Aly Mbaye ◽  
Nancy Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Earnings Differentials ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This chapter begins with an overview of the major approaches and potential limitations of defining the informal sector, followed by an analysis of its size, structure, and institutional context. It then considers the taxation of informal firms and notes the pervasiveness of tax evasion in the informal sector, along with state failures and informal employment, earnings differentials between formal and informal actors, and the role of rural–urban migration in the rise of informal labor force in developing countries. The chapter explores why informality is so pervasive in Africa; why informal firms are less productive than their formal counterparts; whether it is best for development to proceed in order to get informal firms to register and pay formal taxes; and how to help informal firms and those employed in the informal sector. Finally, it discusses a good approach to development that takes into account the existence of the informal sector.

The Unemployed Population and Self-Employment in the Siberian Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-303
Author(s):  
N. M. Volovskaia ◽  
L. K. Pliusnina ◽  
A. V. Rusina ◽  
A. V. Inozemtseva
Keyword(s):  
Siberian Region ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Unemployed
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