scholarly journals distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English as evidence for the phonological word

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 41-90
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Formal Point

In the present article I discuss the distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English. The reason I have chosen to analyze these two languages together is that the data in both languages are strikingly similar. However, although the basic generalization in (1) holds for both German and English, we will see below that trimoraic syllabIes do not have an identical distribution in both languages. In the present study I make the following theoretical claims. First, I argue that the three environments in (1) have a property in common: they all describe the right edge of a phonological word (or prosodic word; henceforth pword). From a formal point of view, I argue that a constraint I dub the THIRD MORA RESTRICTION (henceforth TMR), which ensures that trimoraic syllables surface at the end of a pword, is active in German and English. According to my proposal trimoraic syllables cannot occur morpheme-internally because monomorphemic grammatical words like garden are parsed as single pwords. Second, I argue that the TMR refers crucially to moraic structure. In particular, underlined strings like the ones in (1) will be shown to be trimoraic; neither skeletal positions nor the subsyllabic constituent rhyme are necessary. Third, the TMR will be shown to be violated in certain (predictable) pword-internal cases, as in Monde and chamber; I account for such facts in an OptimalityTheoretic analysis (henceforth OT; Prince & Smolensky 1993) by ranking various markedness constraints among themselves or by ranking them ahead of the TMR. Fourth, I hold that the TMR describes a concrete level of grammar, which I refer to below as the 'surface' representation. In this respect, my treatment differs significantly from the one proposed for English by Borowsky (1986, 1989), in which the English facts are captured in a Lexical Phonology model by ordering the relevant constraint at level 1 in the lexicon.  

Origins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kill Site ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Over 50,000 years ago a Neanderthal hunter approached a wild ass on the plains of northeastern Syria. Taking aim from the right as the animal nervously assessed the threat, he launched his stone-tipped spear into its neck, penetrating the third cervical vertebra and paralyzing it immediately. Butchered at the kill site, this bone and most of the rest of the animal were taken back to the hunter’s camp at Umm el Tlel, a short distance away. Closely modelled on archaeological observations of that vertebra and the Levallois stone point still embedded within it, this incident helps define the framework for this chapter. At the start of the period it covers, human interactions with the donkey’s ancestors were purely a matter of hunting wild prey, but by its end the donkey had been transformed into a domesticated animal. Chapter 2 thus looks at how this process came about, where it did so, and what the evolutionary history of the donkey’s forebears had been until that point. Donkeys and the wild asses that are their closest relatives form part of the equid family to which zebras and horses also belong. Collectively, equids, like rhinoceroses and tapirs, fall within the Perissodactyla, the odd-toed division of hoofed mammals or ungulates. Though this might suggest a close connection with the much larger order known as the Artiodactyla, the even-toed antelopes (including deer, cattle, sheep, and goats), their superficial resemblances may actually reflect evolutionary convergence; some genetic studies hint that perissodactyls are more closely related to carnivores. Like tapirs and rhinoceroses, the earliest equids had three toes, not the one that has characterized them for the past 40 million years. That single toe, the third, now bears all their weight in the form of a single, enlarged hoof with the adjacent toes reduced to mere splints. This switch, and the associated elongation of the third (or central) metapodial linking the toe to the wrist or ankle, is one of the key evolutionary transformations through which equids have passed. A second involves diet since the earliest perissodactyls were all browsers, not grazers like the equids of today.

Gabriel and the Virgin II

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Simon Altmann ◽  
Gloria Martínez Leiva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
European Review

In a previous paper in the European Review one of us discussed the positioning of the Archangel Gabriel in Annunciation pictures from the point of view of his chirality.1 By means of a very extensive database it was shown that the Angel is mostly represented as dextral, which favours his position on the left of the picture. We have now extended and improved this database. In the previous work we were able to discuss chirality in only a fraction of the over 1000 examples treated, because in many of them the Angel has his arms crossed on his chest. We observed that dextrals normally do this with the right arm over the left one. In 1073 examples from the third century (henceforth C3) to 1750 we found only 99 sinistrals. The period from C3to 1400 is very important, being more stable, so that the pictorial traditions of the Annunciation were established during it and it shows only two sinistrals over 100 examples. There are several hypotheses about the positioning of the Angel and Virgin in the pictures which were not discussed in the previous paper and which will now be treated in the light of our results. It is clear that there are two different strands: until 1400 the weight of tradition prevails, but after this period fashion becomes more significant, with great painters such as Titian creating a large number of imitators. After 1400, composition becomes freer and more complex and artists become more interested in the pictorial impact of their work than the iconographic impact. The new freedom enjoyed by the artists means nevertheless that some purely pictorial conventions acquire greater weight; they appear to rule the composition and are discussed in detail in this article.

Allegiance, Diplomatic Protection and Criminal Jurisdiction Over Aliens

1947 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lauterpacht
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Criminal Jurisdiction ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
The Right

The cause célèbre of King v. William Joyce, subsequently reported as Joyce v. Director of Public Prosecutions, was concerned to a large extent with matters of interest for international law, and it is mainly from this point of view that it is proposed to discuss it in the present article. Obviously the case is also of considerable importance both for criminal law, in so far as it is concerned with the crime of treason, and for constitutional law inasmuch as it bears directly on the question of the nature and the obligations of allegiance. However, it is probable that the case books which will claim it most insistently will be those of international law. For the decision in Rex v. Joyce is not only an authority on certain aspects of allegiance owed by aliens and of the right of a State to assume jurisdiction over acts committed by aliens abroad. It sheds light on such questions as the nature of diplomatic protection of citizens, the right of a State to protect diplomatically persons who are not its citizens, the obligation of allegiance of so-called protected persons, and some others. Not all these questions were judicially answered, but they loomed large in argument and imparted to the proceedings the complexion of a case concerned predominantly with international law. In view of this it may be pertinent to preface this article by drawing attention to a point which appears to be a mere matter of terminology but which, it is believed, raises an issue of wider significance.

scholarly journals SMOS Third Mission Reprocessing after 10 Years in Orbit

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Oliva ◽  
Manuel Martín-Neira ◽  
Ignasi Corbella ◽  
Josep Closa ◽  
Albert Zurita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Third Mission ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
End To End ◽  
The One

After more than 10 years in orbit, the SMOS team has started a new reprocessing campaign for the SMOS measurements, which includes the changes in calibration and image reconstruction that have been made to the Level 1 Operational Processor (L1OP) during the past few years. The current L1 processor, version v620, was used for the second mission reprocessing in 2014. The new version, v724, is the one run in the third mission reprocessing and will become the new operational processor. The present paper explains the major changes applied and analyses the quality of the data with different metrics. The results have been obtained with numerous individual tests that have confirmed the benefits of the evolutions and an end-to-end processing campaign involving three years of data used to assess the improvements of the SMOS measurements quantitatively.

WU, MIN AND A LITTLE HAKKA LEXICAL TONE SANDHI: RIGHT AND LEFT

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
William L. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
The Third ◽  
Separate Type ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

An initial assay of Wu and Min lexical tone sandhi opens inquiry into a possible source : Austronesian pitch accent, and into a sandhi origin for the "third" tone ( qu/departing ). One important element in such an assay is the feature Right/Left : focus = preservation, stress, retention, etc, towards the Right or towards the Left. Northern Wu appears to be focus Left, and destressing seems to be spreading in the area. Southern Wu and Min are focus Right. Southern Wu focus does not prevent some Right mergers, and often it is the last two syllables acting together that is the focus. Northern Min shows similarities to Southern Wu, but Southern Min can be said to have no tone sandhi at all : The Amoy et al tone circles appear to be artifacts of changes in isolation values, since they are virtual reconstructions of the probable prototone values. The one Hakka dialect examined appears to be like Northern Min/Southern Wu. On the basis of this assay, I would hazard the guess that in the study of the origin of lexical tone sandhi, Southern Min should be classified with the Cantonese/Thai type, Northern Wu as a separate type heavily influenced by Mandarin, and Southern Wu/Northern Min as the preservation of the oldest, most Austronesianoid type of sandhi. Further speculation would be foolhardly until more information is available and more detailed comparisons and histories are drawn up.

scholarly journals X. Notes on variations in the origin of the long buccal branch of the fifth cranial nerve

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 456-457 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One

In the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, November 1866, I gave description of a specimen from the dissecting-room in which the long buccal nerve, instead of proceeding from the third division of the fifth nerves arose from the superior maxillary trunk in the spheno-maxillary fossa. This transposition of the origin of the nerve from its proper trunk the one which is sensory in function, seemed to me to be a strong additions argument, and from a new point of view, to those which had previoust been urged by various writers on physiological and pathological ground; in favour of the purely sensory nature of this nerve.

scholarly journals XI. A Historical Enquiry concerning the Origin and Development of Sufiism, with a list of Definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfi’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ arranged chronologically

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynold A. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Characteristic Point ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronological Sequence

The nucleus of the present article was meant in the first instance to be added as a note to a chronological list of definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf’ chiefly compiled from the Risála of Qushayrí (Cairo, 1287 a.h.), the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá of Farídu'ddín ‘Aṭṭár (cited as T.A.), and the Nafaḥátu'l-Uns of Jámí (Calcutta, 1859). These works contain about a hundred definitions of ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ none of which exceeds a few lines in length. I thought that it might be interesting, and possibly instructive, to arrange the most important in their chronological sequence, so far as that can be determined, since only in this way are they capable of throwing any light upon the historical development of Ṣúfiism. The result, however, was somewhat meagre. Taken as a whole, those brief sentences which often represent merely a single aspect of the thing defined, a characteristic point of view, or perhaps a momentarily dominant mood, do undoubtedly exhibit the gradual progress of mystical thought in Islam from the beginning of the third to the end of the fourth century after the Hijra, but the evidence which they supply is limited to a vague outline. Accordingly, I resolved to undertake a chronological examination of the doctrine taught by the authors of these definitions and by other distinguished Ṣúfís, and I have here set down the conclusions to which I have come. I do not claim to have exhausted all the available material.

scholarly journals Conceptualization of post-Soviet regime changes: Some intermediate results

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-393
Author(s):  
Denis Letnyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
Comparative Political Science ◽  
Near Abroad ◽  
Former Ussr

The aim of the article is to analyze the attempts to conceptualize post-Soviet regime changes that have been undertaken over the past thirty years. For convenience, all concepts are grouped around three main approaches. The first one examines regime transformations in the former USSR from the point of view of a possible transition to democracy (transition paradigm); the second approach emphasizes the continuity between the post-Soviet political regimes and previous ones, overlooking fundamental differences between them; the third approach assumes that the post-Soviet transition did take place, however, it was “autocracyto-autocracy transition” (from one-party communist dictatorship to hybrid regimes or consolidated personalistic autocracies). The author considers regime change as transformation of some basic formal and informal rules of the game that determine the functioning of a given political system (from the way of making key decisions and allocating resources to the main channels for recruiting to the elite). As a result, the author proves that the third approach is the most relevant for understanding post-Soviet politics. Inter alia, its advantage is that it allows us to fit post-Soviet studies into the wider field of comparative political science: the analysis of post-Soviet politics, on the one hand, can significantly enrich our ideas about “how dictatorships work” at large, on the other hand, empirical knowledge about autocracies outside post-Soviet Eurasia and theories built on this basis will help us to understand the nature of authoritarianism in Russia’s “near abroad”.

scholarly journals Pensamiento crítico versus razón arrogante

2005 ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Carlos Pereda
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Critical Thought ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Third Person

In this article, several levels in which can be proposed/presented the old dilemma of liberty and determinism are discussed and which is the task of critical thought or, particularly, of this critical thought that is philosophy. On the one hand, this dilemma is confronted in its metaphysical side. On the other, its epistemological and ethical implications are considered. Along this multiple levels I particularly consider the crash between the point of view of the first person and the third person.

scholarly journals Una visión de la libertad de comunicación desde la perspectiva de las diferencias entre la libertad de expresión, en sentido estricto, y la libertad de información

2007 ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
José Luis García Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Commercial Speech ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence

The present Project contains a complete synthesis of the constitutional Spanish jurisprudence. The author considers that the right to freedom and the political rights are grouped around three or four genres. It identifies, between those, the freedom of communication that the constitutional assembly and the constitutional jurisprudence have extended to all sorts of activities. After this assumption, the project is focused on giving a view of the freedom of communication from the point of view of the differences between the freedom of information and the freedom of speech in a strict way. After defending a legal nature which protects all kinds of communications and which can be exercised by all sorts of chaps; it is rejected that the institutional offshoot explains the really different limitations that several messages introduce, wide restrictions regarding commercial speech or pornography and dropped ones regarding politics. The argument which is proposed for its justification is based on the different systematic connections that are originated between the constitutional rules by the different matter and the purpose pursued by the messages, and, when this yardstick is insufficient, it is complemented with the concept of relevance or public interest, the one which is pretended to be refined. The exercise of that freedom by journalists and maximizing the professional diligence reinforce the freedom of communication when it has to be pondered with other rights or constitutional goods. In Spain, the affair Terminello versus Chicago is considered as a worth yardstick to solve conflicts with the public order.

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