Research of Wood Chemistry in the Komi Republic during the Great Patriotic War

Author(s):  
Л.П. Рощевская

На основе архивных документов впервые реконструированы причины возникновения, результаты деятельности, штаты технологической лаборатории химии древесины Базы АН СССР по изучению Севера в г. Сыктывкар Коми АССР в 1941 г. Сотрудники лаборатории исследовали промышленные установки и условия переработки смоло-скипидарного сырья, которое в те годы считалось одним из источников получения камфоры, моторного топлива и смазочных масел, а также взрывчатых веществ. Показано, что центром исследований химической обработки древесины был Всесоюзный НИИ сульфатно-спиртовой и гидролизной промышленности в Ленинграде. В годы Великой Отечественной войны в Сыктывкаре оказались крупные ученые и специалисты, под руководством которых производилась важнейшие исследования оборонного характера. Установлено, что перед сотрудниками лаборатории химии древесины в Сыктывкаре в годы войны были поставлены задачи: выявить и охарактеризовать минеральное и растительное сырье, необходимое для нужд обороны страны; разработать методику получения моторного топлива и смазочных масел, изготовленных на местах из недефицитного сырья. В лаборатории производили важнейшие исследования оборонного характера, трудились крупные деятели науки и производства. Руководителями коллектива были эвакуированные в Сыктывкар будущий член-корреспондент АН СССР профессор Д.Н. Курсанов и лауреат Сталинской премии М.А. Грехнев, который доказал, что в Коми АССР целесообразнее использовать для получения терпентинового масла сосну. Сотрудники изучали технологический процесс получения смолы и скипидара. На основании этих научных выводов в республике было на период войны сохранено и получило дальнейшее развитие смоло-скипидарное производство. Основой для таких разработок была местная деревообрабатывающая промышленность. Показаны условия труда и быта сотрудников лаборатории в годы войны. Высказаны предположения о причинах закрытия лаборатории химии древесины в 1946 г. On the basis of archival documents causes of establishment, results of activities, staff of the technological laboratory of wood chemistry of the Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the Study of the North in Syktyvkar, Komi ASSR in 1941 are reconstructed for the first time. The staff of the laboratory investigated industrial facilities and conditions for processing resin and turpentine raw materials which at that time was considered one of sources for obtaining camphor, motor fuel and lubricating oils as well as explosive materials. The centre of investigations of chemical wood processing was All-Union Scientific Research Institute of sulphate-spirit and hydrolysis industry in Leningrad. During the Great Patriotic War prominent researchers and experts worked in Syktyvkar. Under their leadership the most important research of defensive nature was conducted. It was found that during the war before the staff of the laboratory of wood chemistry in Syktyvkar were set tasks to identify and characterize mineral and vegetable raw materials required for defense needs of the country, to develop a method of producing motor fuels and lubricating oils, made of local non-deficient raw materials. The laboratory produced the most important research of defensive nature, major figures of science and industry worked there. The leaders of the team were evacuated to Syktyvkar future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences professor D.N. Kursanov and Stalin Prize winner M.A.Grehnev who proved that in the Komi ASSR pine should be used for obtaining turpentine oil. The staff studied the technological process of producing resin and turpentine. On the basis of these scientific conclusions during the war resin and turpentine manufacture in the Republic was further developed. The basis for these developments was the local woodworking industry. The work and living conditions of the laboratory staff during the war are presented. Assumptions are made about the reasons for the closure of the laboratory of wood chemistry in 1946.

Author(s):  
Alexandra Brovina ◽  
Larisa Pavlovna Roshchevskaya ◽  
Mikhail Pavlovich Roshchevskii

The subject of this research is the historical role of Russian scientific community in studying the Arctic and Subarctic territories during the years of Great Patriotic War. The key goal consists in demonstrating the contribution of scholars to accumulation of scientific knowledge on the northern region in the context of solution of the priority government objective and establishment of scientific organizations on the European North of Russia in first half of the XX century. The main tasks of this research lie in reconstruction of the process of creation and activity of oil shale laboratory of the Base of Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union on studying the North under the authority of Professor D. N. Kursanov, who dealt with the questions of utilization of solid fossil fuels of the Komi ASSR. This topic did not receive due coverage within the scientific literature. For solution of the set tasks, the author attracted the unpublished archival materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Archive of the Federal Research Center “Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” and National Archive of the Komi Republic; writings of the staff members of the indicated laboratory published based on the research results in 1940s, as well modern researchers of the depths of Russian North. The article explores the history of establishment of scientific department, development of scientific programs and plans, organization of interaction of academic community with the government and economic branches of the Komi ASSR. The main conclusions consists in the proof that the scientific-organizational activity of D. N. Kursanov led to conducting strategic research of defense designation on the problems of studying oil shale of the mineral deposit on Ayyva River, utilization of oil shale for motor fuel generation, and elaboration of new chemical products for defense industry. It is underlined that the high level of explorations and pilot surveys carried out by national scholars in these directions contributed to the development of new shale-chemical industrial sector of the country in the later years.


2020 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
П.Н. Харченко

Рецензируется книга доктора биологических наук, академика РАН А.Х. Шеуджена и доктора исторических наук А.Н. Еремеевой, посвященная жизни и творчеству известного советского агрохимика и биохимика, академика ВАСХНИЛ Александра Александровича Шмука (1886–1945). Анализ отечественной и зарубежной литературы, научных и общественно-политических периодических изданий первой половины ХХ века, материалов девяти центральных и региональных архивов позволил авторам произвести реконструкцию биографии ученого, рассмотреть ее в контексте политических и экономических трансформаций в обществе. The reviewed book by A.N. Eremeeva, Dr. Sci. (History), and by A.Kh. Sheudzhen, Dr. Sci. (Biology), academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is devoted to the life and scientific work of Aleksandr Shmuk (1886–1945), the famous Soviet agrochemist and biochemist, full member of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin. The analysis of Russian and foreign literature, scientific and sociopolitical periodicals of the first half of the twentieth century, documents from nine central and regional archives allowed the authors to reconstruct the biography of the scientist and consider it in the context of sociopolitical and economic transformations. The authors describe in detail Shmuk’s way to science in the New Alexandria and Moscow Agricultural Institutes, and note the role of his teachers in choosing a scientific specialization. Special attention is paid to the period in Krasnodar, where Shmuk realized himself as an internationally renowned scientist and an organizer of science (he headed the All-Union Institute of Tobacco) and education (as the founder and head of the Department of Agrochemistry of the Kuban Institute of Agriculture). The authors describe in detail Shmuk’s works on the chemical composition of tobacco, soil chemistry, and methods of agrochemical research. They note that the methods of obtaining nicotine, citric and malic acids from raw materials, which were developed by Schmuk and provided import substitution, were strategically important for the Soviet state in the pre-war period and especially during the years of the Great Patriotic War.


Author(s):  
Larisa P. Roshchevskaya ◽  
◽  
Alexandra A. Brovina ◽  
Mikhail P. Roshchevsky

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1161
Author(s):  
Simon S. Ilizarov

The life of the prominent scholar and organizer of science and Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.R. Mikulinskii (19191991), who determined strategic directions for the development of the history of science and lay the foundation for the science of science in the 1960s 1980s, was full of tragic turns. In his biography, it is said that his years of schooling were followed by his volunteering for the army during the Great Patriotic War, years of being a prisoner in first Nazi, and then Soviet, camps, followed by years of studies and a meteoric scientific career that abruptly ended with his expulsion from the USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute for the History of Science and Technology that he himself had nurtured. Under his guidance, prominent scientists in a wide range of disciplines were brought together at the Institute, which reached the peak of its development having become a globally recognized center for the advancement of thought in the history of science.


Author(s):  
Natalia A. Vinogradova ◽  
Mikhail V. Levner

On the eve of anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, the authors turned to the previously unexplored subject, namely, the work of bibliographers of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the defence of the country. Before, the professional work of bibliographers during the War was not studied in this aspect that determines the relevance and scientific novelty of the topic under consideration. The purpose of the article is to show that during the War bibliography turned from ideological tool of the Party to form a new type of person into the only reliable information tool for solving the most important warfare and national economic problems in the wartime conditions.The article describes the work of the Commission for compilation of bibliography by countries, which was formed under the Section of the special libraries network of the USSR Academy of Sciences in May 1942. Based on the unique archival documents, the authors show for the first time how bibliographers of the libraries of the USSR Academy of Sciences in cooperation with colleagues from the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR, the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, the Central Polytechnic library and other major libraries of the country managed to provide the military leadership, scientists and specialists of the national economy with reliable timely information on problems that arose in wartime, up to making strategic decisions in the field of planning defence, offensives and radical reorganization of industry and agriculture. The authors conclude that the decent work of bibliographers in the war years, providing information for any level of decision-making, played its role in approaching the Victory. This is the basis for understanding the current role of library specialists, their professionalism and responsibility in the information support for the development of Russia.


2021 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
M. V. Levner ◽  
N. A. Vinogradova

Here the authors present another article from the series devoted to the work of libraries of academic institutions and their staff during the Great Patriotic War. The article bases on the documents found in the archive of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow and St. Petersburg Archives of the Academy of Sciences. The authors used the general scientific methodology, applying source study, archaeographic and analytical-synthetic methods of work with archival documents. This work is devoted to the grandiose event, preparation to which took place in in the last war months – the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences celebration. Preparation for this jubilee celebration was complex one, engaging various specialists and reflecting different directions of scientific development in the country. Large-scale book and rare archive documents exhibitions in which the best library specialists of the USSR Academy of Sciences took part displayed successes of the Russian science. These jubilee arrangements were to demonstrate the history of the development of science in Russia and the Soviet state power having won the severe war. When arranging jubilee celebrations the USSR Academy of Science librarians used the experience acquired while organizing famous scientists books’ exhibitions in the most difficult period of the Great Patriotic War. There were exhibited book treasures from the collections of academic libraries and archives as well as the results of studies of soviet scientists, foreign scientific publications that included native scientists’ articles. These exhibitions took place in Moscow and Leningrad – the cradle of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During this hard war period, the State allotted considerable resources for the jubilee arrangements, attaching great importance to international contacts of native scientists, showing their impact into the global science. The jubilee exhibitions revealed the big potential of the USSR Academy of Science libraries in spite of the enormous stuff and resources loss during the war. The experience of holding events on celebrating the anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1945 may be useful in organizing work on the upcoming 300-th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2024.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-559
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Yu. Samarin

The article introduces a previously unpublished speech of the outstanding Russian scientist-physicist, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, which was delivered by him at the anniversary meeting held on June 5, 1949, at the monument to Alexander Pushkin in Moscow in connection with the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the great Russian poet’s birth. S.I. Vavilov was a great connoisseur of Pushkin’s poetry and literature about him. In the second half of the 1940s, Vavilov actively participated in projects to prepare the anniversary celebrations dedicated to Alexander Pushkin and perpetuate the memory of the poet. Analysis of S.I. Vavilov’s speech, which, unlike his other “Pushkin speeches”, was not intended for the press, shows that in evaluating the great poet’s work, along with the use of cliches, traditional for the epoch, the scientist also took certain liberties. In particular, he did not utter the ritual words praising Stalin, the Communist Party and the Soviet State. The poet Ya.P. Polonsky quoted by Vavilov was not among the classics recognized by Soviet literary criticism, and the selected quote from him could be interpreted as a hint of condemnation of the surrounding Stalinist reality. Numerous fragments of the scientist’s personal diaries indicate his critical attitude towards the latter, in particular.


1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 66-79
Author(s):  
V. A. Leshkovtsev

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