scholarly journals Life in Science and the Science of Life by Aleksandr Shmuk

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
П.Н. Харченко
Keyword(s):  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Union Institute ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Рецензируется книга доктора биологических наук, академика РАН А.Х. Шеуджена и доктора исторических наук А.Н. Еремеевой, посвященная жизни и творчеству известного советского агрохимика и биохимика, академика ВАСХНИЛ Александра Александровича Шмука (1886–1945). Анализ отечественной и зарубежной литературы, научных и общественно-политических периодических изданий первой половины ХХ века, материалов девяти центральных и региональных архивов позволил авторам произвести реконструкцию биографии ученого, рассмотреть ее в контексте политических и экономических трансформаций в обществе. The reviewed book by A.N. Eremeeva, Dr. Sci. (History), and by A.Kh. Sheudzhen, Dr. Sci. (Biology), academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is devoted to the life and scientific work of Aleksandr Shmuk (1886–1945), the famous Soviet agrochemist and biochemist, full member of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin. The analysis of Russian and foreign literature, scientific and sociopolitical periodicals of the first half of the twentieth century, documents from nine central and regional archives allowed the authors to reconstruct the biography of the scientist and consider it in the context of sociopolitical and economic transformations. The authors describe in detail Shmuk’s way to science in the New Alexandria and Moscow Agricultural Institutes, and note the role of his teachers in choosing a scientific specialization. Special attention is paid to the period in Krasnodar, where Shmuk realized himself as an internationally renowned scientist and an organizer of science (he headed the All-Union Institute of Tobacco) and education (as the founder and head of the Department of Agrochemistry of the Kuban Institute of Agriculture). The authors describe in detail Shmuk’s works on the chemical composition of tobacco, soil chemistry, and methods of agrochemical research. They note that the methods of obtaining nicotine, citric and malic acids from raw materials, which were developed by Schmuk and provided import substitution, were strategically important for the Soviet state in the pre-war period and especially during the years of the Great Patriotic War.

Facing Historical Challenges: the Work of Soviet Philosophers During the Great Patriotic War

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Chernyaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
State Identity ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Military

The Great Patriotic War was a decisive challenge not only for the military power and material and technical base of our country, but also for its spiritual, cultural and ideological foundations. Many Russian philosophers became participants in the hos­tilities, but the role of philosophers who continued scientific work was no less im­portant, the plans of which were adjusted and aimed at implementing projects re­lated to the strengthening of patriotism, the development of national identity, the revival of the classical forms of science and culture, consistent with historical heritage of Russia. This scientific work was in the context of the socio-cultural and spiritual processes that intensified in the USSR during the war and responded to the tasks of strengthening defense capability and the formation of a new socio-state identity. The main undertakings implemented in this connection by the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences were the development of the history of Russian philosophical thought and the creation of a new textbook of formal logic. These areas of research activity have shown their relevance in the light of the chal­lenges of wartime and prospects in terms of the long-term development of science.

Scientific Libraries of Yakutia in the Pre-Revolutionary Period (1853—1917)

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308
Author(s):  
Tuiaara A. Androsova
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Libraries ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Geographical Maps ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article considers the history of foundation and development of scientific libraries in Yakutia. In many ways, the opening of libraries was caused by the scientific interest in Siberia, the emergence of scientific and cultural-educational societies. Libraries strengthened the status of the societies and provided information support for their activities. The first scientific libraries were opened at the Yakut Regional Statistical Committee (1853), the Yakut Regional Museum (1891), the Yakut Department of the Agricultural Society (1899) and the Yakut Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1913).The article notes the contribution of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to the study of history of libraries and librarianship in Siberia, including Yakutia. Particularly, the author describes the influence of political exiles on the formation of libraries and the development of culture in the region. The author focuses on the activities of the Yakut Regional Statistical Committee, which established one of the first special libraries, which later became the main one for scientific libraries. The article considers its activities as an integral part of scientific research in the Eastern Siberia, since the Committee not only collected statistical data on the region, but also supported research institutions, took part in organizing expeditions to study the region, etc. The author describes the role of the Secretary of the Committee, S.F. Saulsky, in the ordering and systematization of the library’s collection, as well as the role of A.I. Popov, state councillor, full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, in the organization of the Yakut Regional Museum. The article reveals the activities of the museum library on selection of books and periodicals of scientific societies, Sibirika, local history literature and manuals for the identification of collections and their systematization. The library kept valuable materials: manuscripts, archival files, geographical maps, route maps, plans of cities, villages, dwellings of foreigners, etc. Academic expeditions of the 18th — first half of the 19th century made an invaluable contribution to the study of Siberia; and the Academy of Sciences gradually transferred the functions of specialized stationary scientific body to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. The author attempts to trace the origins of the library at the Yakut Branch of the Russian Geographical Society. Attention is paid to the activities of the governor of affairs N.N. Gribanovsky, who identified one of the main directions of the library activity — creation of local history reference and bibliographic apparatus that reflects the literature about Yakutia.The article notes the general trends of scientific libraries: insufficient financing; acquisitions mostly consisted of donations and book exchange; involvement of political exiles in the work; limited access of readers (only for the staff or members of societies). The author reveals the fate of the first scientific libraries, whose collections were distributed among the libraries of Yakutsk and partially preserved in the historically formed library holdings.

Academician Antonín Přecechtěl died 50 years ago

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Ivan Kalivoda
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
World War ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Village ◽  
First World

Antonín Přecechtěl was born on 6 November 1885 in the village of Srbce in the Prostějov region (Moravia) in a peasant’s family. He graduated from the secondary grammar school in Kroměříž and studied medicine at the Czech Medical Faculty of the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague. After graduating in 1910, he started his career as a surgeon at prof. Kukula’s surgery clinic in Prague. As a surgeon, he participated in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. In 1918 he began to work at prof. Kutvirt’s ear clinic in Prague. Here he obtained habilitation in otology and pharyngology in 1920, and in 1924 he was appointed associate professor. After Kutvirt’s death, he became the head of the clinic in 1930, and in the same year, he also received habilitation in rhino-laryngology, thus completing the process of unifying the teaching of otorhinolaryngology as one field. He held the position of head of the Otolaryngology Clinic for 30 years. He was a founding member of the Czech Otolaryngological Society (1921) and in the period 1935–1951, he was its chairman. In 1926, as a founding member, he participated in the founding of the prestigious organization Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum. He also participated in the establishment and management of the international journal Otolaryngologia Slavica, and the journal Czechoslovak Otolaryngology began to be published in 1952 on his initiative. The results of his scientific work have been published in almost 400 publications in both domestic and foreign journals. Přecechtěl was also involved in laboratory and experimental research, especially on the vestibular apparatus. In 1954 he was appointed a full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in which he founded the Otolaryngological Laboratory. Professor Přecechtěl created his own otorhinolaryngology school and trained many experts. He died on 5 February 1971, at the age of 85. Keywords: history – Antonín Přecechtěl – remembrance – commemoration – Czech otorhinolaryngology – ENT

scholarly journals The Role of Payments for Emissions of Pollutants From Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring as a Tool for Regulating the Rational Use of Natural Resources in the Oil-Producing Regions of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-214
Author(s):  
Irina A. Makarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Associated Petroleum Gas ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

For a long time, Russia was the leader in associated petroleum gas (APG) flaring. This led to the destruction of useful raw materials and environmental pollution. Due to the tightening of the state policy in the field of the APG rational use and the introduction of fees for APG flaring in 2012, oil producing companies had an incentive to use APG efficiently. In addition, the level of air pollution began to decline. The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the oil-producing regions began to receive significant revenues. Some experts expected that the APG efficiency target would be achieved in 2014 or 2016. Unfortunately, some oil producers were unable to achieve the target. Moreover, at present, there is a reduction in payments for APG flaring in many regions. This causes concern for certain market participants. The object of this research is the impact of APG flaring fees on the level of rational APG use and on incomes of the oil-producing regions. The aim of the work is to study the role of these payments as a tool for regulating the rational use of APG. The analysis shows that the introduction of fees for emissions of pollutants generated by APG flaring plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable development of the regions. Firstly, this fee helps to improve the environmental situation in the region because the volume of gas flared has decreased significantly. Secondly, the application of fees for APG flaring contributes to an increase in the level of energy efficiency, the development and implementation of innovative technologies. Thirdly, the increase in APG deep processing makes it possible to obtain products required in the domestic industry. This improves the efficiency of the oil sector and accelerates import substitution. Fourthly, payments for emissions of pollutants generated during APG flaring form additional funds that can be spent on the development of the region. Fifthly, all oil-producing regions can be divided into two groups. The first group is a group that has practically reached or is very close to reaching the established limits for APG flaring. The second group of regions is a group for which reaching this target is still a difficult task. Experts point out the following reasons that prevent some oil-producing companies from achieving targets for APG flaring: (1) commissioning of new fields, which are characterized by an insufficient level of infrastructure development required for APG utilization; (2) closure of gas processing plants for repair work, which forces some companies to temporarily flare APG; (3) establishment of new benefits and exemptions; (4) geographic fragmentation of fields and limited reserves, which does not allow making the project for the rational use of APG profitable; (5) remoteness of some gas pipelines from the main oil-producing regions, difficult access to the gas transportation system.

scholarly journals Portrait Drawings of Karpo Trokhymenko for the Painting “Meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Ufa” (1941–1944)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Maystrenko-Vakulenko
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Point Line ◽  
Light And Shadow ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific turnover the little-known drawings of the outstanding Ukrainian realist painter of the mid-20th century, professor of the Kyiv State Art Institute, Karpo Demianovych Trokhymenko, made during the evacuation to Ufa in the period of the Great Patriotic War. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of art history, figurative and stylistic, systematic and comparative analysis, as well as historical and contextual methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the definition of the role of drawing in the creative heritage of Karpo Trokhymenko of the period 1941-1944. In the portrait sketches made by Karpo Trokhymenko for the picture “Meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Ufa”, the difference in relation to the expressive means of art destroyed at the time of the avant-garde and finally formed social realism are clearly traced. The point, line, and plane as the leading artistic elements of the avant-garde are losing their significance, remaining to a certain extent only in the arsenal of graphic artists. Tone, light and shade gradations and energy of light acquire a special significance in the drawing of the easel painters. Conclusions. By analyzing the figurative and stylistic structure and technique of the portrait works, the peculiarities of drawing in the artist’s asset, in particular, the attention to creating an air environment, are revealed. In the drawings of Karpo Trokhymenko, the line has no intrinsic value and is perceived only as of the part of light and shadow, dissolving in the overall tone spot. The color plays an important role in the drawings of Karpo Trokhymenko. The works made within the complex warmth and coolness of colored paper, silver graphite pencil, colored pencils and chalk and acquire the significance of independent works. A set of portraits of outstanding Ukrainian scientists - academicians, artists, writers created by Karpo Trokhymenko, has not only documentary, historical and cultural value, but is a significant monument of Ukrainian easel drawing of the Great Patriotic War period.

scholarly journals Animal husbandry of the Urals regions in the conditions of the great Patriotic war

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Rustam Suleimanovich Bakhtiyarov ◽  
Alla Vladimirovna Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of

This paper deals with the role of animal husbandry in the history of the Ural economic region as the most important economic base of Russia, especially during the great Patriotic war of 1941-1945. The study contains materials characterizing the situation in the industry in the prewar period, estimates the processes taking place in the main areas of animal husbandry in the transition from the sole of the peasant way of organizing production to industrial technologies in the late 30s of XX century. During the collectivization in the Urals, as throughout the country, the number of productive animals suffered heavy losses. Only the number of small cattle in 1928-1935 decreased from 9,1 million heads to 3 million heads, i.e. 3 times. Realizing the harmfulness of such a policy, the Soviet leadership took vigorous measures to correct the situation. They allowed to significantly correct the situation, but in general by the beginning of the great Patriotic war, the full transition to the new principles of work in agriculture hadnt been carried out. When the war broke out the role of animal husbandry in the Urals in the USSR increased. At the beginning of 1941 the farms of the region contained from 5,1 to 8,3% of the population of the main agricultural animals of the country, then during the most difficult years of 1942-1943 this figure increased to 10,8 and even 18,6% of the total productive herd of the USSR. During this period, the livestock of the region gave up to 15% of all dairy products of the country and 13-14% of meat. Thus, the workers of animal husbandry of the Urals in the most difficult conditions of war time were able to save the bulk of the livestock and provide the army and defense industry of the region with the necessary food and raw materials.

scholarly journals Problems and prospects of import substitution in Russia: methodological approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 02029
Author(s):  
Natalia Bozo ◽  
Mikhail Maslov ◽  
Marina Tsoy ◽  
Vladislav Shchekoldin ◽  
Sergey Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Material Orientation ◽  
Methodological Aspects

At present, the role of Russia in the world economy is mainly associated with the supply of various raw materials to world markets, the share of which in the volume of Russian exports is more than 80%. At the same time, there is a rather significant processing sector of the economy in Russia. Since inertial development is aimed at simplifying the nature of the Russian economy and consolidating its raw material orientation, the development of manufacturing industries, at least at first, should be associated with protectionist measures and an active role of the state. The paper examines the existing approaches to the study of the problem of combining the principle of free trade and protectionist measures proposed by Russian and foreign authors and describes the methodological aspects of assessing the current state and prospects of implementing the import substitution policy in Russia.

scholarly journals Significance of scientific activities of the Research station of medicinal plants in formation, establishment and development of medicinal plant cultivation

2016 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
O. Ustymenko ◽  
L. Hlushchenko ◽  
N. Kutsenko
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicinal Plant Cultivation

The article describes history of the organization of Ukraine’s first research station of medicinal plant cultivation. The main achievements of the scientific work Lubny research station of medicinal plants will be presented for 1916–2016. The main stages of medicinal plant cultivation as the field of agricultural production are given. An assessment of the role of scientific research stations of medicinal plants in the formation and development of the industry is carried out. During the time of work DSLR conducted introduction study and cultivation and developed agricultural techniques for over 120 species of medicinal plants, created 52 varieties of important crops such as mint, poppy, chamomile, valerian, echinacea, sage, skullcap and many others; designed a number of machines and devices for growing, harvesting and post-harvest handling of raw materials and seeds of many important medicinal plants that are successfully introduced into production. The paper highlights some questions about the prospects for implementing research in medicinal plant cultivation, intensification of the industry, increasing its relevance and effectiveness.

scholarly journals The Academy of Sciences Library – 300 years serving the readers

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-116
Author(s):  
Valery Leonov
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Active Role ◽  
World Science ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
The Third ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article presents a paper delivered at the International Conference of the Russian Academy of Sciences Library (BAN) on November 23, 2018. The purpose of the paper is to capture the image of the BAN and its reader at key moments of their life over three centuries with method of portraying. The author gives three portraits of the BAN and its readers. The first portrait (1718– 1917) shows birth and formation of the library as a national and academic book depository. It emphasizes influence of the authorities in strengthening international relations with libraries in Western Europe. It notes the active role of readers in its development. The second portrait (1917– 1991) is devoted to the BAN as the basis for the development of the Russian science that occupied an honored place in the world and gained respect for the works of its readers. The ideology of the BAN was focused on their scientific interests. The article characterizes the role of the library in the years of the Great Patriotic War, the new readership and the specificity of readers' requests. It provides information about the readers of the BAN in the postwar years. It considers the activities of the library and its readers in eliminating the consequences of the February 1988 fire. The third portrait (1991–2018) characterizes the BAN and its readers in modern conditions. Attention is paid to the fact that the library carefully preserves the traditions and continues to remain a unique book depository not only to the national, but also tothe world science and culture.

Research of Wood Chemistry in the Komi Republic during the Great Patriotic War

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.П. Рощевская
Keyword(s):  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Komi Assr ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

На основе архивных документов впервые реконструированы причины возникновения, результаты деятельности, штаты технологической лаборатории химии древесины Базы АН СССР по изучению Севера в г. Сыктывкар Коми АССР в 1941 г. Сотрудники лаборатории исследовали промышленные установки и условия переработки смоло-скипидарного сырья, которое в те годы считалось одним из источников получения камфоры, моторного топлива и смазочных масел, а также взрывчатых веществ. Показано, что центром исследований химической обработки древесины был Всесоюзный НИИ сульфатно-спиртовой и гидролизной промышленности в Ленинграде. В годы Великой Отечественной войны в Сыктывкаре оказались крупные ученые и специалисты, под руководством которых производилась важнейшие исследования оборонного характера. Установлено, что перед сотрудниками лаборатории химии древесины в Сыктывкаре в годы войны были поставлены задачи: выявить и охарактеризовать минеральное и растительное сырье, необходимое для нужд обороны страны; разработать методику получения моторного топлива и смазочных масел, изготовленных на местах из недефицитного сырья. В лаборатории производили важнейшие исследования оборонного характера, трудились крупные деятели науки и производства. Руководителями коллектива были эвакуированные в Сыктывкар будущий член-корреспондент АН СССР профессор Д.Н. Курсанов и лауреат Сталинской премии М.А. Грехнев, который доказал, что в Коми АССР целесообразнее использовать для получения терпентинового масла сосну. Сотрудники изучали технологический процесс получения смолы и скипидара. На основании этих научных выводов в республике было на период войны сохранено и получило дальнейшее развитие смоло-скипидарное производство. Основой для таких разработок была местная деревообрабатывающая промышленность. Показаны условия труда и быта сотрудников лаборатории в годы войны. Высказаны предположения о причинах закрытия лаборатории химии древесины в 1946 г. On the basis of archival documents causes of establishment, results of activities, staff of the technological laboratory of wood chemistry of the Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the Study of the North in Syktyvkar, Komi ASSR in 1941 are reconstructed for the first time. The staff of the laboratory investigated industrial facilities and conditions for processing resin and turpentine raw materials which at that time was considered one of sources for obtaining camphor, motor fuel and lubricating oils as well as explosive materials. The centre of investigations of chemical wood processing was All-Union Scientific Research Institute of sulphate-spirit and hydrolysis industry in Leningrad. During the Great Patriotic War prominent researchers and experts worked in Syktyvkar. Under their leadership the most important research of defensive nature was conducted. It was found that during the war before the staff of the laboratory of wood chemistry in Syktyvkar were set tasks to identify and characterize mineral and vegetable raw materials required for defense needs of the country, to develop a method of producing motor fuels and lubricating oils, made of local non-deficient raw materials. The laboratory produced the most important research of defensive nature, major figures of science and industry worked there. The leaders of the team were evacuated to Syktyvkar future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences professor D.N. Kursanov and Stalin Prize winner M.A.Grehnev who proved that in the Komi ASSR pine should be used for obtaining turpentine oil. The staff studied the technological process of producing resin and turpentine. On the basis of these scientific conclusions during the war resin and turpentine manufacture in the Republic was further developed. The basis for these developments was the local woodworking industry. The work and living conditions of the laboratory staff during the war are presented. Assumptions are made about the reasons for the closure of the laboratory of wood chemistry in 1946.

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