scholarly journals LOCALIZATION AND HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD TUMORS IN PATIENTS IN SUMY REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-376
Author(s):  
O. O. Potapov ◽  
O. P. Kmyta ◽  
O. O. Tsyndrenko ◽  
N. O. Dmytrenko ◽  
E. V. Kolomiets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Spinal Tumors ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Spinal Cord Tumors ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Intradural Tumor ◽  
The Brain

Spinal cord tumors include tumors developing from its parenchyma, vessels, roots and membranes. The main theory of the formation of spinal cord tumors is the polyetiological dysontogenetic theory. According to this theory, hereditary factors, dysembriogenesis, trauma, carcinogenic effects, viral infection, intoxication, radiation, etc. play an important role in the development of tumors. Although scientists keep finding out more about genetic and environmental factors influencing the development of many types of tumors, spinal tumors are still a relatively unknown subject. Spinal tumors partially contain pathological genes, but in many cases, researchers don't know what causes these genetic changes. Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) make up 12% of all tumors, tumors of the spinal cord – 3% of nervous system disorders, in the structure of malignant lesions of the CNS – 1,4-5%, occur mainly at the age of 20-60 years. In children, as well as in elderly and senile persons, these tumors are rare. Most often, they develop not from the brain matter, but from the surrounding tissue, and when they increase in size, they compress the spinal cord. Spinal tumors are usually divided into primary and secondary. The group of primary tumors include tumors, originating from the brain matter (intramedullar tumors), and those that grow from the membranes of the brain, roots, vessels (extramedullar tumors). Extramedullar tumors are much more common (in 80% of all spinal tumors) than intramedullar tumors. Extramedullar tumors can be both subdural and epidural. The majority of extramedullar tumors are subdural. Occasionally there are tumors, some of which are located inside the dural sac, and some – outside the dura mater, they are subdural-epidural tumors, as well as epidural-extrovertebral tumors. Among extramedullar tumors the most commonly diagnosed are meningiomas and neurinomas, among intramedullar the most common are ependymomas, less common are astrocytomas and oligodendroglioma. Glioblastomas of the spinal cord is extremely rare; the most common metastases from the posterior fossa are medulloblastomas. Intracerebral tumors of the spinal cord are characterized by greater biological benignity, than similar brain tumors. Extracerebral spinal cord tumors have no such differences in their biological properties. In general, spinal cord tumors are more common in elderly patients. Neurinomas and meningiomas predominate in adults, and ependymomas and dysgenetic tumors (teratoma, epidermoid cysts) – in children. Peculiarities of etiopathogenetic aspects, clinical course, influence on socio-economic factors encourage further improvement of diagnosis and more detailed study of this type of tumors. Materials and methods. The analysis of medical records of patients with spinal cord tumors, who were hospitalized in neurological departments of the Sumy Regional and 4th City Clinical Hospitals in 2015-2018 was carried out. 69 clinical cases were processed in order to investigate the prevalence of spinal cord tumors in the Sumy region, the characteristics of the disease in this group of patients, the leading symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment. The analysis of statistical data, obtained after processing of the research materials, was carried out using the licensed version of the IBM SPSS Statistics 17 software. Our study significantly established that, according to the histological structure, in 46 patients (28 women and 18 men) meningiomas were predominant and that in 31 patients they were located at the level of Th6-Th12. Mainly in 42 patients (33 women and 9 men, p<0.05) spinal cord neoplasms were localized at the level of Th6-Th12, with extramedular-intradural tumor location – 57 patients (38 women and 19 men). According to our study, pain syndrome significantly prevailed in 42 patients (35 with extramedular-intradural tumor localization). The study of the histological structure of tumors depending on their localization is an integral part of both diagnosis and treatment, and an important component of predicting the quality of life of the patient.

Treatment of Recurrent Brain Stem Gliomas and Other Central Nervous System Tumors with 5-Fluorouracil, CCNU, Hydroxyurea, and 6-Mercaptopurine

Neurosurgery ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Rodriguez ◽  
Michael Prados ◽  
Dorcas Fulton ◽  
Michael S. B. Edwards ◽  
Pamela Silver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Brain Stem Glioma ◽  
Spinal Cord Tumors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Stem Gliomas ◽  
Time To Tumor Progression

Abstract Twenty-one patients with recurrent malignant central nervous system gliomas were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, CCNU, hydroxyurea, and 6-mercaptopurine. Thirteen patients had brain stem gliomas, 3 patients had spinal cord gliomas, 3 patients had thalamic gliomas, and 2 patients had cerebellar astrocytomas. All patients had received radiation therapy, and 4 brain stem patients had also been treated with chemotherapy. Sixteen patients (76%) responded to treatment with either stabilization of disease or improvement. Nine of the 13 patients with brain stem gliomas (71%) had response or stabilization of disease. The median time to tumor progression (TTP) for the brain stem patients who responded or had stabilization of disease was 25 weeks. The median survival from recurrence for the brain stem glioma patients was 27 weeks. Patients with cerebellar, thalamic, and spinal cord tumors did very well, with an 87% response or stabilization of disease and a median TTP of 122 weeks.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Ten Million and One—Neurological Disability as a National Problem

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-872
Author(s):  
ERIC DENHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
New York ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Neurological Disability ◽  
The Brain

This monograph summarizes the results of the Conference on Neurological Disability as a National Problem held at Arden House, Harriman, New York, in December, 1955. It was attended by more than 50 highly qualified specialists with various interests in the field who met to explore the realistic possibilities of meeting the problems posed by more than 10 million patients suffering from more than 300 clinical entities loosely grouped together as "neurologic disabilities." Neurologic disabilities are defined as those disorders which are associated demonstrably with dysfunction, disease, or injury of the nervous system, the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral neuromuscular connections.

Recent advances and new discoveries in the pipeline of the treatment of primary spinal tumors and spinal metastases: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio C Furlan ◽  
Jefferson R Wilson ◽  
Eric M Massicotte ◽  
Arjun Sahgal ◽  
Fehlings G Michael
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Spinal Metastasis ◽  
Spinal Cord Tumor ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Spinal Metastases ◽  
Spinal Tumors ◽  
Spinal Neoplasms ◽  
Primary Tumors

Abstract The field of spinal oncology has substantially evolved over the past decades. This review synthesizes and appraises what was learned and what will potentially be discovered from the recently completed and ongoing clinical studies related to the treatment of primary and secondary spinal neoplasms. This scoping review included all clinical studies on the treatment of spinal neoplasms registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov website from February/2000 to December/2020. The terms “spinal cord tumor”, “spinal metastasis”, and “metastatic spinal cord compression” were used. Of the 174 registered clinical studies on primary spinal tumors and spinal metastasis, most of the clinical studies registered in this American registry were interventional studies led by single institutions in North America (n=101), Europe (n=43), Asia (n=24) or other continents (n=6). The registered clinical studies mainly focused on treatment strategies for spinal neoplasms (90.2%) that included investigating stereotactic radiosurgery (n=33), radiotherapy (n=21), chemotherapy (n=20), and surgical technique (n=11). Of the 69 completed studies, the results from 44 studies were published in the literature. In conclusion, this review highlights the key features of the 174 clinical studies on spinal neoplasms that were registered from 2000 to 2020. Clinical trials were heavily skewed towards the metastatic population as opposed to the primary tumours which likely reflects the rarity of the latter condition and associated challenges in undertaking prospective clinical studies in this population. This review serves to emphasize the need for a focused approach to enhancing translational research in spinal neoplasms with a particular emphasis on primary tumors.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Sadeeq Muhammad Sheshe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Prion Proteins ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Misfolded Proteins ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Complex Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare disease associated with neurodegeneration mostly characterized by damage to the neurons. CJD is caused by aggregation of misfolded proteins known as prions; thus, CJD is said to be a prion-related illness. CJD and other prion-related illnesses such as Kuru and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) have been reported to have complex mechanisms due to their association with the brain and the nervous system in general. A lot of questions have been raised about the mechanism, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of this disease. The complexity of prion proteins themselves have contributed to more questions about the complications of CJD, whether misfolding of the prions are responsible for neurodegeneration or the misfolding are mere symptoms of the disease. This chapter attempts to explore some details about CJD and answers most related questions about the disease's mechanism. The author finally attempts to explore recent development in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CJD.

Neurosurgery nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-352
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulator ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulator ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurosurgery describes the surgical treatment and management of various disease processes that target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The specialty is wide and varied as increasing numbers of neurological conditions can now be improved following neurosurgery; for example, some types of epilepsy respond to the insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be diminished with a deep brain stimulator, and intractable back pain may be improved following spinal surgery. Practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to care for these patients and meet their immediate and long-term needs.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

Neurodevelopment

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Karl Zilles ◽  
Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specialized Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part ◽  
Human Nervous System

The pre- and post-natal development of the human nervous system is briefly described, with special emphasis on the brain, particularly the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. The central nervous system originates from a specialized region of the ectoderm—the neural plate—which develops into the neural tube. The rostral part of the neural tube forms the adult brain, whereas the caudal part (behind the fifth somite) differentiates into the spinal cord. The embryonic brain has three vesicular enlargements: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The histogenesis of the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, including myelination, is discussed. The chapter closes with a description of the development of the hemispheric shape and the formation of gyri.

1. On the Anatomy of a new species of Polyodon, the Polyodon Gladius of Martens, taken from the river Yang-tsze-Kiang, 450 miles above Woosung. Part II., being its Nervous and Muscular Systems

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 136-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Handyside
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
New Species ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Entire Specimen ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
A New Species

The author showed to the Society a small entire specimen of the P. gladius, and next described, from a larger opened and dissected one, and from part of an adult fish, the spinal cord, the brain, the organs of the senses, and other parts of its nervous system. He illustrated his remarks by exhibiting four large drawings and nine smaller ones, including six microscopic views, explanatory of his description of the structure and disposition of the spino-cerebral axis, the encephalon as viewed from above and below, the ramifications of the encephalic nerves, and more particularly the structures subserving the senses of smell, sight, and hearing.

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