scholarly journals The Efficiency of the Financial System: A Comparison of Developed and Less Developed Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Halil Dincer Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Developed Nations

In this study, our objective is to find whether high-income countries have a more efficient financial system when compared to middle- and low-income countries. We expect high-income countries to have a better, more efficient financial system when compared to other countries. Our second objective is to find whether high-income OECD countries have a more efficient financial system when compared to high-income non-OECD countries. Most OECD countries are seen as developed nations with a very high Human Development Index, while the same cannot be said for some other high-income countries that are not members of OECD (i.e. Saudi Arabia for example). Do these developed nations have a better, more efficient financial system compared to the other high-income nations that are not classified as developed? We expect to find developed nations to have a better, more efficient financial system when compared to non-OECD countries. We examine eight measures of efficiency. These are “net interest margin”, lending-deposit spread”, non-interest income to total income”, “overhead costs to total assets”, “return on assets”, “cost to income ratio”, “credit to government and state-owned enterprises to GDP”, and “stock market turnover ratio”. When we compare the high-income countries to the “middle-income” and “low-income” countries, we find that with respect to six measures, the high-income countries have better “efficiency” values than the other countries. With regard to the “cost to income ratio”, the two groups are not significantly different. Interestingly, with respect to “credit to government and state-owned enterprises to GDP (%)”, we find unexpected results. Contrary to our expectation, we find that, in the high-income countries, financial institutions lend more money to the government and state-owned enterprises when compared to the low- and middle-income countries. When we compare the high-income OECD-member countries to the high-income Non-OECD-member countries, we find that with respect to five measures, the high-income OECD countries have better “efficiency” values than the high-income Non-OECD countries. With respect to three measures, the two groups are not significantly different. Overall, our results indicate that although high-income countries generally have a more efficient financial system, in terms of certain measures (i.e. cost to income ratio and credit to government and state-owned enterprises), they are not doing well. Keywords: efficiency, financial system, OECD, developed countries.

scholarly journals The Stability of The Financial System: a Comparison of Developed and Less Developed Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Halil D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Financial System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In this study, we examine the relationship between the development level of a country and stability of its financial system. We look at seven measures of stability. These are Bank z-score, Bank non-performing loans to gross loans, Bank capital to total assets, Bank credit to bank deposits, Regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets, Liquid assets to deposits and short term funding, and Provisions to non-performing loans. First, we compare developed and less developed countries’ stability measures. Do developed countries have more stable financial systems than less developed countries or is the opposite true? When we compare high-income countries to low- and middle-income countries, we find that low- and middle-income countries have better “stability” values in five measures. For the other two measures, we do not find any significant difference between the two groups. Then, we look at how high-income OECD countries differ from high-income non-OECD countries in terms of their financial system’s stability. When we compare high-income OECD-member countries to high-income Non-OECD-member countries, we find that high-income Non-OECD-member countries have better “stability” values in four measures. For the other three measures, we do not find any significant difference between the two groups. We conclude that developed countries, especially OECD members, are under greater risk when facing an economic/financial crisis.

scholarly journals How do the Banking Systems of High Income Countries differ from others?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Halil D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Banking Systems ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Bank Deposits ◽  
International Transactions

In this study, first we look at the relation between countries’ income levels and their banking systems. What are the differences between richer countries and other countries in terms of their banking systems? Then, we look at how OECD membership affects the banking system of a country. When we compare High-Income countries to Middle- and Low-Income countries, we find that workers’ remittances are much higher in Low- and Middle-income countries. The banking industries are much more concentrated in High-Income countries. Bank deposits are also significantly higher in these countries. The banking systems in these countries have more risk compared to their counterparts in other countries. Non-resident banks are more active in High-Income countries. Also, there is more interest in offshore accounts and the banks are more engaged in international transactions. When we compare high-income OECD-member countries to high-income Non-OECD-member countries, we find that the banking industries in high-income Non-OECD-member countries are much more concentrated when compared to their counterparts in High-Income OECD countries. In High-Income Non-OECD countries, non-resident banks are more active and there is more interest in offshore accounts. On the other hand, bank deposits are higher in High-Income OECD countries. But, the banks in these countries are in greater risk compared to the banks in Non-OECD countries (i.e. liquid liabilities are higher). We conclude that policymakers need to consider OECD membership and income level as determinants of a country’s banking system.

Operating Across Levels in the Global Economic Hierarchy

2018 ◽  
pp. 796-820
Author(s):  
Helena Barnard ◽  
Theresa Onaji-Benson
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Emerging Multinationals

The categories “emerging” and “advanced” multinationals gloss over the “middleness” of multinationals from and even in middle-income countries. Middle-income countries face weaker institutions and smaller markets than high-income countries, but conditions are better than in low-income, typically least developed countries. Similarly, skills levels and wages are higher than in low-income countries, but lower than in high-income countries. We argue that this “middleness” matters. Emerging multinationals leverage their position in the global economic hierarchy as brokers working with lead firms, local optimizers operating only downstream, specialist niche providers working only upstream, and sometimes global consolidators operating across the hierarchy. Advanced multinationals use the global economic hierarchy to expand as lead firms in global value chains or pecking order exploiters that enter low-income countries through middle-income countries. Our research, using evidence from South African multinationals, expands our understanding of multinationals’ operations, especially in Africa.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Asian Crisis on Governance: Does OECD Membership or Income Levels Matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Halil Dincer Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Asian Crisis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe examine the impact of the 1997 Asian Crisis on governance. We look into how the crisis affected High-Income OECD, High-Income Non-OECD, Upper-middle Income, Lower- Middle Income, and Low Income Countries. For measures of governance, we use the World Bank’s Governance Indicators dataset which includes six measures of governance. We find that pre- and post-crisis, the ranking of each income group has not changed except for year 2004 when the High-Income Non-OECD Countries surpassed the High-Income OECD Countries in “Political Stability and Absence of Violence” category. In other words, our results show that, other than that exception in 2004, both pre- and post-crisis, the High-Income OECD Countries had the best governance measures, the High-Income Non-OECD Countries had the second best measures, and so on, in the order shown above. One point to note here: The High-Income Non- OECD Countries performed much better than the other groups after year 1998. After 1998, this group improved in all six dimensions of governance. We conclude that although crises affect all income groups, because of certain characteristics of the High-Income Non-OECD group, they tend to better react to crises.

scholarly journals Digital health in the Americas: advances and challenges in connected health

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Novillo-Ortiz ◽  
Elsy Maria Dumit ◽  
Marcelo D’Agostino ◽  
Francisco Becerra-Posada ◽  
Edward Talbott Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Middle Income

In 2005, all WHO Member States pledged to fight for universal health coverage (UHC). The availability of financial, human and technological resources seems to be necessary to develop efficient health policies and also to offer UHC. One of the main challenges facing the health sector comes from the need to innovate efficiently. The intense use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the health field evidences a notable improvement in results obtained by institutions, health professionals and patients, principally in developed countries. In the Americas, the relationship between economic development and health innovation is not particularly evident. Data from 19 of 35 countries surveyed in the 2015 Third Global Survey on eHealth for the region of the Americas were analysed. 52.6% of the countries of the Americas have a national policy or strategy for UHC. 57.9% of the countries in the sample indicate that they have a national eHealth policy or strategy, but only 26.3% have an entity that supervises the quality, safety and reliability regulations for mobile health applications. The survey data indicate that high-income and low-income to middle-income countries show higher percentages in relation to the existence of entities that promote innovation. These countries also exceed 60%—compared with 40% and 50% in lower-income countries—in all cases regarding the use of eHealth practices, such as mobile health, remote patient monitoring or telehealth. 100% of low-income countries report offering ICT training to healthcare professionals, compared with 83% of wealthy countries and 81% of middle-income to high-income countries.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Foods/Beverages and Nutrients Consumed by U.S. Adolescents When Snacking: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2530
Author(s):  
Navika Gangrade ◽  
Janet Figueroa ◽  
Tashara M. Leak
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Income Ratio

Snacking contributes a significant portion of adolescents’ daily energy intake and is associated with poor overall diet and increased body mass index. Adolescents from low socioeconomic status (SES) households have poorer snacking behaviors than their higher-SES counterparts. However, it is unclear if the types of food/beverages and nutrients consumed during snacking differ by SES among adolescents. Therefore, this study examines SES disparities in the aforementioned snacking characteristics by analyzing the data of 7132 adolescents (12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018. Results reveal that adolescents from low-income households (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) ≤ 1.3) have lower odds of consuming the food/beverage categories “Milk and Dairy” (aOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.95; p = 0.007) and “Fruits” (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50–0.78; p = 0.001) as snacks and higher odds of consuming “Beverages” (aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.19-1.76; p = 0.001) compared to those from high-income households (PIR > 3.5). Additionally, adolescents from low- and middle-income (PIR > 1.3–3.5) households consume more added sugar (7.98 and 7.78 g vs. 6.66 g; p = 0.012, p = 0.026) and less fiber (0.78 and 0.77 g vs. 0.84 g; p = 0.044, p = 0.019) from snacks compared to their high-income counterparts. Future research is necessary to understand factors that influence snacking among adolescents, and interventions are needed, especially for adolescents from low-SES communities.

scholarly journals Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Ronnie E. Baticulon ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
James M. Johnston ◽  
Benjamin C. Warf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
And Training

OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.

scholarly journals The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study

The Lancet ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 390 (10113) ◽  
pp. 2643-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A Lear ◽  
Weihong Hu ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
Danijela Gasevic ◽  
Darryl Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income

Comparing the Effects of Unsustainable Production and Consumption of Food on Health and Policy Across Developed and Less Developed Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1011-1035
Author(s):  
Josue Mbonigaba
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Production And Consumption

The unsustainable food consumption across high-income countries (HICs) and low-income countries (LICs) is expected to differ in nature and extent, although no formal evidence in this respect has been documented. Documenting this evidence is the aim of this chapter. Specifically, the chapter seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Do the contexts in less developed countries (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs) make the nature and extent of unsustainability in food consumption different? 2) Do the mechanisms of the linkage between unsustainability of food consumption and health outcomes independent of countries' contexts? 3) Are current policies against unsustainable food consumption equally effective in DCs and LDCs? These questions are answered by means of a systematic review of the literature for the period 2000-2017. The findings are that the nature and extent of unsustainability is quite different across contexts of LICs and HICs.

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