scholarly journals STAYMAN FRUIT CRACKING AS RELATED TO CW COMPOSITION

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1093G-1094
Author(s):  
Russell L. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Consequent Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Treated Apple ◽  
Wall Extensibility

Stayman apples are predisposed to cracking. Trees whose trunks were scored and foliage sprayed with GA4+7, NAA 800, and Vapor Guard had significantly fewer apples crack than controls. The skin strength and stretch distance were the same for control and treated apples. However, slices of treated apple expanded significantly more than control apples when immersed in distilled water for 45 minutes. During this treatment the amount of water taken up was not significantly different, which may indicate the difference lies in the cell structure. Hypodermal cells of control apples appear to be more elongated and have thicker cell walls than treated apples. Cell wall sugar and amino acid components will be measured to see if this discrepancy can be attributed to cell wall structural properties. These results suggest that stayman cracking occurs when the expansion of the hypodermic cannot keep pace with expansion of the fruit. It is further hypothesized that this difference is due to a difference in cell wall composition and consequent effect on wall extensibility.

scholarly journals STAYMAN FRUIT CRACKING AS RELATED TO CW COMPOSITION

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1093g-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Consequent Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Treated Apple ◽  
Wall Extensibility

Stayman apples are predisposed to cracking. Trees whose trunks were scored and foliage sprayed with GA4+7, NAA 800, and Vapor Guard had significantly fewer apples crack than controls. The skin strength and stretch distance were the same for control and treated apples. However, slices of treated apple expanded significantly more than control apples when immersed in distilled water for 45 minutes. During this treatment the amount of water taken up was not significantly different, which may indicate the difference lies in the cell structure. Hypodermal cells of control apples appear to be more elongated and have thicker cell walls than treated apples. Cell wall sugar and amino acid components will be measured to see if this discrepancy can be attributed to cell wall structural properties. These results suggest that stayman cracking occurs when the expansion of the hypodermic cannot keep pace with expansion of the fruit. It is further hypothesized that this difference is due to a difference in cell wall composition and consequent effect on wall extensibility.

A relationship between cell wall composition and mutant morphology in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Marvin N. Schwalb ◽  
Philip G. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Morphological Mutants ◽  
Mutant Forms ◽  
Isolated Cell

Mechanically isolated cell walls of normal homokaryons and the morphological mutants thin and puff were fractionated and hydrolyzed by chemical procedures. The yields of fractionated materials and the glucose/hexosamine ratios of acid hydrolysates were determined. Results of statistical analyses of the values obtained from these determinations indicated that single-gene mutations causing the thin and puff mutant forms of this fungus produce specific differences in the composition of cell walls.

scholarly journals Feeding the Walls: How Does Nutrient Availability Regulate Cell Wall Composition?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ogden ◽  
Rainer Hoefgen ◽  
Ute Roessner ◽  
Staffan Persson ◽  
Ghazanfar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Wall Components

Nutrients are critical for plants to grow and develop, and nutrient depletion severely affects crop yield. In order to optimize nutrient acquisition, plants adapt their growth and root architecture. Changes in growth are determined by modifications in the cell walls surrounding every plant cell. The plant cell wall, which is largely composed of complex polysaccharides, is essential for plants to attain their shape and to protect cells against the environment. Within the cell wall, cellulose strands form microfibrils that act as a framework for other wall components, including hemicelluloses, pectins, proteins, and, in some cases, callose, lignin, and suberin. Cell wall composition varies, depending on cell and tissue type. It is governed by synthesis, deposition and remodeling of wall components, and determines the physical and structural properties of the cell wall. How nutrient status affects cell wall synthesis and organization, and thus plant growth and morphology, remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize and synthesize research on the adaptation of root cell walls in response to nutrient availability and the potential role of cell walls in nutrient sensing.

scholarly journals Differences in cell wall of thin and thick filaments of cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile SAG 31.79 and their implications for different resistance to Daphnia grazing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Wejnerowski ◽  
Slawek Cerbin ◽  
Maria K. Wojciechowicz ◽  
Marcin K. Dziuba
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aphanizomenon Gracile

<p>Recent studies have shown that the filamentous cyanobacterium <em>Aphanizomenon gracile</em> Lemmermann, strain SAG 31.79, consists of two types of filaments that differ in thickness. These two types are known to vary in resistance to <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> grazing: thin filaments (&lt;2.5 µm) are more vulnerable to grazing than the thick ones (&gt;2.5 µm). In this study, we investigated whether the difference in the vulnerability to grazing of thin and thick filaments is a result of different thickness of their cell walls, a filament stiffness determinant. We expected thick filaments to have thicker cell walls than the thin ones. Additionally, we analysed whether cell wall thickness correlates with filament thickness regardless of the filament type. A morphometric analysis of cell walls was performed using transmission electron micrographs of ultra-thin sections of the batch-cultured cyanobacterial material.  Our study revealed that the thin type of filaments had thinner cell walls than the thick filaments. Moreover, cell wall thickness was positively correlated with filament thickness. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) observations also revealed that the thin type of filaments was often at different stages of autocatalytic cell destruction, which was mainly manifested in the increase in cell vacuolization and degradation of the cytoplasm content. Based on our findings, we assume that previously reported higher resistance of thick filaments to <em>Daphnia</em> grazing results from greater stiffness and excellent physiological conditions of thick filaments. </p>

scholarly journals The Placenta of Physcomitrium patens: Transfer Cell Wall Polymers Compared across the Three Bryophyte Groups

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Jason S. Henry ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contained fewer pectins and far fewer arabinogalactan proteins AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacked the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens were relatively similar in composition, with slight variation in homogalacturonan HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggested that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and in transfer cells across plants.

scholarly journals Cell wall composition determines handedness reversal in helicoidal cellulose architectures of Pollia condensata fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2111723118
Author(s):  
Yin Chang ◽  
Rox Middleton ◽  
Yu Ogawa ◽  
Tom Gregory ◽  
Lisa M. Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Helicoidal Structure

Chiral asymmetry is important in a wide variety of disciplines and occurs across length scales. While several natural chiral biomolecules exist only with single handedness, they can produce complex hierarchical structures with opposite chiralities. Understanding how the handedness is transferred from molecular to the macroscopic scales is far from trivial. An intriguing example is the transfer of the handedness of helicoidal organizations of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. These cellulose helicoids produce structural colors if their dimension is comparable to the wavelength of visible light. All previously reported examples of a helicoidal structure in plants are left-handed except, remarkably, in the Pollia condensata fruit; both left- and right-handed helicoidal cell walls are found in neighboring cells of the same tissue. By simultaneously studying optical and mechanical responses of cells with different handednesses, we propose that the chirality of helicoids results from differences in cell wall composition. In detail, here we showed statistical substantiation of three different observations: 1) light reflected from right-handed cells is red shifted compared to light reflected from left-handed cells, 2) right-handed cells occur more rarely than left-handed ones, and 3) right-handed cells are located mainly in regions corresponding to interlocular divisions. Finally, 4) right-handed cells have an average lower elastic modulus compared to left-handed cells of the same color. Our findings, combined with mechanical simulation, suggest that the different chiralities of helicoids in the cell wall may result from different chemical composition, which strengthens previous hypotheses that hemicellulose might mediate the rotations of cellulose microfibrils.

scholarly journals Leaf cell wall properties and stomatal density influence oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ellsworth ◽  
Patricia Ellsworth ◽  
Rachel Mertz ◽  
Nuria Koteyeva ◽  
Asaph B. Cousins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
The Difference

AbstractOxygen isotopic composition (Δ18OLW) of leaf water can help improve our understanding of how anatomy interacts with physiology to influence leaf water transport. Leaf water isotope models of Δ18OLW such as the Péclet effect model have been developed to predict Δ18OLW, and it incorporates transpiration rate (E) and the mixing length between unenriched xylem water and enriched mesophyll water, which can occur in the mesophyll (Lm) or veins (Lv). Here we used two cell wall composition mutants grown under two light intensities and RH to evaluate the effect of cell wall composition on Δ18OLW. In maize (Zea mays), the compromised ultrastructure of the suberin lamellae in the bundle sheath of the ALIPHATIC SUBERIN FERULOYL TRANSFERASE mutant (Zmasft) reduced barriers to apoplastic water movement, resulting in higher E and Lv and, consequently, lower Δ18OLW. In cellulose synthase-like F6 (Cslf6) mutants and wildtype of rice (Oryza sativa), the difference in Δ18OLW in plants grown under high and low growth light intensity co-varied with their differences in stomatal density. These results show that cell wall composition and stomatal density influence Δ18OLW by altering the Péclet effect and that stable isotopes can facilitate the development of a physiologically and anatomically explicit water transport model.

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