3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE, A CATALASE INHIBITOR, PROLONGS CARNATION VASE LIFE.

Sim-type carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. Elliot's White) continuously treated with 50 mM or 100 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) and held in the dark at 18°C did not exhibit a respiratory climacteric relative to dH2O-treated controls. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12-15 days post-harvest. Other triazoles were not effective in prolonging senescence. Amitrole appears to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis by blocking the enzyme-mediated conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Ethylene action appears to be progressively inhibited in that flowers held in treatment solution for 2 d or less responded to application of 10 uL/L exogenous ethylene whereas flowers held 10 d or longer exhibited no response. Electrophoretic resolution of total crude extracts evidenced protein synthesis as well as degradation. Western analysis and total activity assays showed an amitrole concentration-specific inhibition of catalase activity.

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Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.2.282 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 282-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Steven A. Altman ◽

Theophanes Solomos

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Vase Life ◽

Ethylene Evolution ◽

Dependent Inhibition ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

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3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Prolongs Carnation Vase Life

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.3.201 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 201-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Steven A. Altman ◽

Theophanes Solomos

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Vase Life ◽

Morphological Response ◽

Ethylene Treatment ◽

Postharvest Treatment ◽

Exogenous Ethylene

Continuous postharvest treatment of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Elliot's White) with 50 or 100 mM aminotriazole significantly extended useful vase life relative to flowers held in distilled H2O. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12 to 15 days after harvest. The longevity of aminotriazole-treated flowers was extended to ≈18 days. The respiratory rate of aminotriazole-treated carnations was suppressed, and they exhibited no respiratory climacteric throughout the period of observation. The responsiveness of aminotriazole-treated flowers to exogenous ethylene appeared temporally regulated. Flowers treated with 50 mM aminotriazole for 2 days senesced in response to application of 10 μl exogenous ethylene/liter, whereas flowers treated for 24 days exhibited no morphological response to ethylene treatment. Chemical name used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole).

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Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

10.32747/1995.7613011.bard ◽

1995 ◽

Author(s):

William Woodson ◽

Shimon Mayak ◽

Haim Rabinowitch

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Production ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Early Response ◽

Vase Life ◽

Petal Senescence ◽

Ethylene Treatment ◽

Novel Proteins ◽

Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

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Postharvest physiology of cut flowers

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.1590/2447-536x.v27i3.2372 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lucas Cavalcante da Costa ◽

Fernanda Ferreira de Araujo ◽

Wellington Souto Ribeiro ◽

Mirelle Nayana de Sousa Santos ◽

Fernando Luiz Finger

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Production ◽

Respiratory Activity ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Vase Life ◽

Cut Flowers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

And Control

Abstract The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration.

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Alcohols and Carnation Senescence

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.2.136 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 136-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Meng-Jen Wu ◽

Lorenzo Zacarias ◽

Mikal E. Saltveit ◽

Michael S. Reid

Keyword(s):

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Continuous Treatment ◽

Vase Life ◽

Ethanol Treatment ◽

Flower Stem ◽

Normal Increase ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

Acc Content

Continuous treatment with 8% ethanol doubled the vase life of `White Sim' carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Other alcohols, other concentrations of ethanol, or pulse treatments with up to 8% ethanol had little or no effect. Butanol and longer-chain alcohols shortened vase life and caused the flower stem to fold. During their eventual senescence, the petals of ethanol-treated flowers did not inroll; instead, individual petals dried slowly from their tips. Very little ethylene was produced by ethanol-treated flowers, and the normal increase in ACC content and EFE activity was also suppressed. Ethanol treatment also decreased the flowers' sensitivity to exogenous ethylene.

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Postharvest Handling of Stock (Matthiola incana)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.1.144 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 144-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Fisun G. Çelikel ◽

Michael S. Reid

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Marked Reduction ◽

Vase Life ◽

Flower Opening ◽

Silver Thiosulfate ◽

Matthiola Incana ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

Flower Quality

The respiration of flowers of stock [Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.] had a Q10 of 6.9 between 0 and 10 °C. Simulated transport for 5 days resulted in marked reduction in the vase life of flowers transported at 10 °C and above. Flower opening, water uptake, and vase life of the flowers increased somewhat in a vase solution containing 50 ppm NaOCl, and considerably in a commercial preservative containing glucose and a bactericide. Exposure to exogenous ethylene resulted in rapid desiccation and abscission of the petals, effects that were prevented by pretreatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Even in the absence of exogenous ethylene, the life of the flowers was significantly increased by inhibiting ethylene action using pretreatment with silver thiosulfate (STS) or 1-MCP. STS was more effective than 1-MCP in maintaining flower quality.

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Postharvest Ethylene Production and Sensitivity of Eight Specialty Cut Flower Species

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.835c ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 835C-835

Author(s):

Paul B. Hedman ◽

John M. Dole ◽

Niels O. Maness ◽

Jeffrey A. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Production ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Vase Life ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Cosmos Bipinnatus ◽

Buddleia Davidii ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

Butterfly Bush ◽

Flower Abscission

The postharvest biosynthesis of ethylene and CO2 was measured at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h after harvest and the effects of exogenous applications of 0.0, 0.2, or 1.0 μl·liter–1 ethylene for 20 h was observed on eight speciality cut flower species. Helianthus maximilliani (Maximillian's sunflower), Penstemon digitalis (penstemon), Achillea fillipendulina [`Coronation Gold' (yarrow)], Celosia plumosa [`Forest Fire' (celosia)], Cosmos bipinnatus [`Sensation' (cosmos)], Buddleia davidii (butterfly bush), and Weigela sp. (weigela) exhibited a climacteric-like pattern of ethylene production followed by a steady rise in CO2 production. Echinacea purpurea (coneflower) ethylene biosynthesis was not significant during the 48-h period after harvest. Vase life of coneflower, yarrow, celosia, cosmos, and butterfly bush was not affected by exogenous ethylene. Exogenous ethylene applications to Maximillian's sunflower, penstemon, and weigela resulted in flower abscission and decreased vase life, indicating that they are probably ethylene-sensitive cut flower species.

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RhMYB108, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, is involved in ethylene- and JA-induced petal senescence in rose plants

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-019-0221-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shuai Zhang ◽

Qingcui Zhao ◽

Daxing Zeng ◽

Jiehua Xu ◽

Hougao Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Myb Transcription Factor ◽

Vase Life ◽

Signaling Crosstalk ◽

Petal Senescence ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

R2r3 Myb

AbstractRose (Rosa hybrida) plants are major ornamental species worldwide, and their commercial value greatly depends on their open flowers, as both the quality of fully open petals and long vase life are important. Petal senescence can be started and accelerated by various hormone signals, and ethylene is considered an accelerator of petal senescence in rose. To date, however, the underlying mechanism of signaling crosstalk between ethylene and other hormones such as JA in petal senescence remains largely unknown. Here, we isolated RhMYB108, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, which is highly expressed in senescing petals as well as in petals treated with exogenous ethylene and JA. Applications of exogenous ethylene and JA markedly accelerated petal senescence, while the process was delayed in response to applications of 1-MCP, an ethylene action inhibitor. In addition, silencing of RhMYB108 alter the expression of SAGs such as RhNAC029, RhNAC053, RhNAC092, RhSAG12, and RhSAG113, and finally block ethylene- and JA-induced petal senescence. Furthermore, RhMYB108 was identified to target the promoters of RhNAC053, RhNAC092, and RhSAG113. Our results reveal a model in which RhMYB108 functions as a receptor of ethylene and JA signals to modulate the onset of petal senescence by targeting and enhancing senescence-associated gene expression.

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Variation in Flower Senescence and Ethylene Biosynthesis among Carnations

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.10.1100 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1100-1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Amanda S. Brandt ◽

William R. Woodson

Keyword(s):

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Enzyme Treatment ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Vase Life ◽

Petal Senescence ◽

Ethylene Treatment ◽

Initial Symptoms ◽

Visible Symptom

We have investigated the patterns of ethylene biosynthesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) genotypes that exhibit extended vase life in comparison to flowers of White Sim'. `White Sim' flowers exhibited typical symptoms of senescence, including petal in-rolling and rapid wilting, beginning 5 days after harvest. In contrast, the other genotypes studied did not show petal in-rolling or rapid wilting associated with petal senescence. The first visible symptom of senescence in these flowers was necrosis of the petal tips, and it occurred from 3 to 7 days after the initial symptoms of senescence were seen in `White Sim' flowers. In all cases, the extended-vase-life genotypes did not exhibit the dramatic increase in ethylene production that typically accompanies petal senescence in carnation. This appeared to be the result of limited accumulation of ACC. In addition, flowers of these genotypes had limited capacity to convert ACC to ethylene. Therefore, we conclude that the low level of ethylene produced by these flowers during postharvest aging is the result of low activities of both ACC synthase and the ethylene-forming enzyme. Treatment of `White Sim' flowers at anthesis with 1.0 μl ethylene/liter resulted in the induction of increased ethylene biosynthesis and premature petal senescence. The extended-vase-life genotypes exhibited varying responses to ethylene treatment. One genotype (87-37G-2) produced elevated ethylene and senesced prematurely, as did flowers of `White Sim'. A second genotype (82-1) was induced to senesce by ethylene treatment but did not produce increased ethylene. A third genotype (799) was unaffected by ethylene treatment. The results of this study suggest these extended-vase-life genotypes are representative of genetic differences in the capacity to synthesize and respond to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

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